Beyond Criminology

Description

Crime forms only a small and often insignificant amount of the harm experienced by people. While custom and tradition play an important role in the perpetuation of some types of harm, many forms of harm are rooted in the inequalities and social divisions systematically produced in - and by - contemporary states.



Exploring a range of topics including violence, indifference, corporate and state harms, murder, children, asylum and immigration policies, sexuality and poverty, the contributors raise a number of theoretical and methodological issues associated with a social harm approach. Only once we have identified the origins, scale and consequences of social harms, they argue, can we begin to formulate possible responses -- and these are more likely to be located in public and social policy than in the criminal justice system.



The book provides an original and challenging new perspective that goes beyond criminology - one which will be of interest to students, teachers and policy makers.
1. Introduction

2. Beyond criminology? by Paddy Hillyard and Steve Tombs

3. Towards a political economy of harm: states, corporations and the production of inequality by Paddy Hillyard and Steve Tombs

4. Violence in democratic societies: towards an analytic framework by Jamil Salmi

5. A theory of moral indifference: understanding the production of harm by capitalist society by Simon Pemberton

6. State harms by Tony Ward

7. Re-orientating miscarriages of justice by Michael Naughton

8. The victimised state and the mystification of social harm by Joe Sim

9. The war on migration by Frances Webber

10. Workplace injury and death: social harm and the illusions of law by Steve Tombs

11. Prime suspect: murder in Britain by Danny Dorling

12. Gendering harm through a life course perspective by Christina Pantazis

13. Heterosexuality as harm: fitting in by Lois Bibbings

14. Children and the concept of harm by Roy Parker

15. Poverty, death and disease by Dave Gordon

16. Conclusion

Notes on Contributors

Index

Sujets

• Social Science
• Droit et juridique
• Criminology

Informations

• Publié par: Pluto Press
• Date de parution: 20 septembre 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781783715596
• Langue: English

Extrait

Beyond Criminology
Beyond Criminology
Taking Harm Seriously
Edited by Paddy Hillyard, Christina Pantazis, Steve Tombs and Dave Gordon
First published 2004 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA and 839 Greene Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 www.plutobooks.com
and
Fernwood Publishing Site 2A, Box 5, 32 Oceanvista Lane Black Point, Nova Scotia B0J 1B0 and 324 Clare Avenue Winnipeg, Manitoba R3L 1S3 www.fernwoodbooks.ca
Copyright © Paddy Hillyard, Christina Pantazis, Steve Tombs and Dave Gordon 2004
The right of the individual contributors to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN (Pluto) 0 7453 1904 1 hardback ISBN (Pluto) 0 7453 1903 3 paperback ISBN (Fernwood) 1 55266 148 2 paperback ISBN (Pluto) 978 1 7837 1559 6 ePub ISBN (Pluto) 978 1 7837 1560 2 Mobi
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data applied for
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Beyond criminology : taking harm seriously / edited by Paddy Hillyard … [et al.]. Includes index. ISBN 1–55266–148–2
HV6028.B49 2004  361.1  C2004–903820–6
10   9   8   7   6   5   4   3   2   1
Designed and produced for Pluto Press by Chase Publishing Services, Fortescue, Sidmouth, EX10 9QG, England Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England Printed and bound in the European Union by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne, England
Contents List of Figures and Tables List of Abbreviations
     1
  Introduction
     2
  Beyond criminology? Paddy Hillyard and Steve Tombs
     3
  Towards a political economy of harm: states, corporations and the production of inequality Steve Tombs and Paddy Hillyard
     4
  Violence in democratic societies: towards an analytic framework Jamil Salmi
     5
  A theory of moral indifference: understanding the production of harm by capitalist society Simon Pemberton
     6
  State harms Tony Ward
     7
  Re-orientating miscarriages of justice Michael Naughton
     8
  The victimised state and the mystification of social harm Joe Sim
     9
  The war on migration Frances Webber
  10
  Workplace injury and death: social harm and the illusions of law Steve Tombs
  11
  Prime suspect: murder in Britain Danny Dorling
  12
  Gendering harm through a life course perspective Christina Pantazis
  13
  Heterosexuality as harm: fitting in Lois Bibbings
  14
  Children and the concept of harm Roy Parker
  15
  Poverty, death and disease Dave Gordon
  16
  Conclusion
  Notes Bibliography Notes on Contributors Index
List of Figures and Tables
FIGURES 11.1 Rate of murder per million per year, Britain, 1981–2000, by sex and age 11.2 Offences currently recorded as homicide, England and Wales, 1967–2001 11.3 Change in the murder rate, Britain, 1981–85 to 1996–2000 11.4 Methods of murder by ward poverty, Britain, 1981–2000 12.1 Most reliable estimates of female genital cutting 12.2 Maternal Mortality Ratio (maternal deaths per 100,000 live births) for a selected number of countries, 1995 15.1 Age at death by age group, 1990–95 15.2 Cause of death for children under five, 2000 15.3 Champagne glass of income distribution 15.4 World per capita income distribution
TABLES 4.1 Typology of different categories and forms of violence 8.1 Prison officer deaths, 1988–2000 8.2 Assaults on prison staff and prisoners, England and Wales, 1999 8.3 The causes of police officer deaths, 1994–98 8.4 Numbers cautioned, convicted and sentenced for assaults on the police, 1997 and 1998 8.5 Injuries to police officers in England, 1997–98 and 1998–99 10.1 Total number of HSE contacts, 1996/97–2000/1 10.2 Number of ‘inspection’ contacts by industry, 1996/97–2000/1 10.3 Number of reported and investigated major injuries to workers, by industry, 2000/1 10.4 Number of reported and investigated over-three-day injuries by industry, 2000/1 10.5 Number of reported and investigated dangerous occurrences by industry, 2000/1 10.6 Number of reported and investigated industrial diseases by industry, 2000/1 10.7 Number of prosecutions and convictions following deaths of workers, 1996/97–1998/99 10.8 Number of prosecutions following major injuries to workers in 1998/99, by industry 10.9 Sentences following deaths of workers, 1996/97–1998/99 10.10 Sentences following major injuries to workers, 1996/97–1998/99 11.1 SMRs for murder in Britain, by ward poverty, 1981/85– 1996/2000 11.2 Murder rates per million in Britain, by age/cohort, 1993–2000 12.1 Physical consequences and complications of female genital cutting 12.2 Health consequences of intimate partner violence 12.3 WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA estimates of maternal mortality by region, 1995 15.1 The cost of achieving universal access to basic social services 15.2 Percentage of children living in absolute poverty and severe deprivation, by region
List of Abbreviations ACPO Association of Chief Police Officers ALO Airline Liaison Officer ANC African National Congress CACD Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) CCA Centre for Corporate Accountability CCRC Criminal Cases Review Commission CPS Crown Prosecution Service DHS Department of Homeland Security DND Drugs for Neglected Diseases DTO detention and training order ECHR European Court of Human Rights EEA European Economic Area EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESRC Economic and Social Research Council EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FOD Field Operations Directorate GATS General Agreement on Trade and Services GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP gross domestic product GMO genetically modified organisms HSE Health and Safety Executive ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICD International Classification of Diseases ILO International Labour Organisation IMF International Monetary Fund INS Immigration and Naturalisation Service ITO International Trade Organisation LDC least developed country LFS Labour Force Survey MOU memorandum of understanding NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NAO National Audit Office NASS National Asylum Support Service NSPCC National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OP organo-phosphorous PCA Police Complaints Authority PLO Palestine Liberation Organisation POA Prison Officers’ Association PPP Purchasing Power Parity PRO Public Record Office PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder R&D research and development SIAC Special Immigration Appeals Commission SMR Standardised Mortality Ratio TRIPS Trade and Related Property Rights UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund US United States WHO World Health Organisation WTO World Trade Organisation
1 Introduction
A number of years ago, at the annual conference of the European Group for the Study of Deviance and Social Control, a long-standing debate within and around criminology (re)emerged as a dominant theme of discussions outside the formal sessions – namely, what is the theoretical rationale and political utility of retaining a commitment to the analysis of crime, (criminal) law and the criminal justice system? During those discussions, an alternative focus, around the notion of social harm, was explored as well as the theoretical feasibility and policy potential of an alternative set of discourses. 1 The exploration of these issues was developed subsequently at a conference in 1999 organised and hosted by colleagues at the School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol. Since then we have presented a number of conference papers on various aspects of social harm. This book is a product of all these deliberations.
The principal aim of a social harm approach is to move beyond the narrow confines of criminology with its focus on harms defined by whether or not they constitute a crime, to a focus on all the different types of harms, which people experience from the cradle to the grave. The range and type of harm people experience during their life course are, of course, extremely varied. Many will suffer food-poisoning, others will die in car crashes or be run over by a car, some will fall off ladders doing DIY in the home, a large number will die or be injured either going to work or while at work, others will die or will be disabled for life from medical mistakes or other factors such as super bugs in hospitals, many will suffer considerable financial loss as a direct result of misselling of pensions, endowment policies and other financial products. Some of these events will be captured by the criminal law. Most of the events, however, will not be seen as criminal and categorised in a variety of different ways from ‘outcomes of the market economy’ to ‘accidents’ or ‘mistakes’. Yet for the person who dies, whether it is from a deliberate act, ‘accident’ or indifference they are still dead with all the social and economic consequences for their family and friends. Similarly, if a person is injured or they ‘lose’ their life savings, the immediate harm is the same whether it is socially constructed as a crime or a mistake. Thus, it is a central premise of this book that it makes no sense to separate out harms, which can be defined as criminal, from all other types of harm. All forms of harms we argue must be considered and analysed together. Otherwise a very distorted view of the world will be produced.
Our argument is not that the harms resulting from events, acts and omissions, which are defined in the criminal law, are unimportant or that criminology as a discipline does not have a contribution to make to the understanding of harm. On the contrary, a number of the harms arising from events which are defined as criminal