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2020
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Publié par
Date de parution
15 mai 2020
Nombre de lectures
2
EAN13
9781469659879
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
1 Mo
Publié par
Date de parution
15 mai 2020
Nombre de lectures
2
EAN13
9781469659879
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
1 Mo
Europe on the Brink, 1914
REACTING TO THE PAST is an award-winning series of immersive role-playing games that actively engage students in their own learning. Students assume the roles of historical characters and practice critical thinking, primary source analysis, and argument, both written and spoken. Reacting games are flexible enough to be used across the curriculum, from first-year general education classes and discussion sections of lecture classes to capstone experiences, intersession courses, and honors programs.
Reacting to the Past was originally developed under the auspices of Barnard College and is sustained by the Reacting Consortium of colleges and universities. The Consortium hosts a regular series of conferences and events to support faculty and administrators.
Note to instructors: Before beginning the game you must download the Gamemaster’s Materials, including an instructor’s guide containing a detailed schedule of class sessions, role sheets for students, and handouts.
To download this essential resource, visit https://reactingconsortium.org/games , click on the page for this title, then click “Instructors Guide.”
Europe on the Brink, 1914
THE JULY CRISIS
JOHN E. MOSER
The University of North Carolina Press
Chapel Hill
© 2022 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved
Set in Utopia and The Sans by Westchester Publishing Services
The University of North Carolina Press has been a member of the Green Press Initiative since 2003.
Cover illustration: Satirical map of World War I entitled “The Insane Asylum (Old Song, New Tune)” by Louis Raemaekers (1869–1956).
ISBN 978-1-4696-5986-2 (pbk.: alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4696-5987-9 (e-book)
Contents 1. INTRODUCTION Brief Overview of the Game Map of Europe in June 1914 Prologue How to Play This Game Game Setup Game Play Game Requirements Skill Development Counterfactuals 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Timeline Narrative 3. THE GAME Major Issues for Debate Rules and Procedures The Austro-Hungarian Response to the Assassination Mobilization International Negotiations International Conferences Declarations of War and Neutrality Chief Executives and War Combat Objectives and Victory Conditions Other Rules Nonplayer Powers Disputed Territories Monarchs Journalists Optional Fourth Session Basic Outline of the Game Assignments 4. ROLES AND FACTIONS Austria-Hungary France Germany Great Britain Russia Italy Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Serbia Romania Greece Journalists 5. CORE TEXTS Excerpt from Emer de Vattel, The Law of Nations (1758) Excerpt from Richard Cobden, “The Balance of Power” (1835) “The Bulwark of Peace” (1914) Excerpts from Heinrich von Treitschke, Politics (1897–98) Excerpts from Giuseppe Mazzini, An Essay on the Duties of Man Addressed to Workingmen (1858) Excerpts from Nikolai Iakovlevich Danilevskii, Russia and Europe (1879) Excerpts from Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (1910) Introduction to Friedrich von Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War (1912) Supplementary Documents Treaties Concerning Belgian Neutrality (1839, 1870) Excerpts from a Speech by German Chancellor Bernhard von B ü low (1899) A.B.C., “British Foreign Policy” (1901) The Entente Cordiale between Great Britain and France (1904) The Anglo-Russian Entente (1907) Excerpts from an Interview with Kaiser Wilhelm II in the London Daily Telegraph (1908) Excerpt from a Speech by British Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George (1911) Manifesto of the Narodna Odbrana (1911) Excerpts from Chapter V of Friedrich von Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War (1912) The Ulster Covenant and Declaration (1912) Fifth Treaty of the Triple Alliance (1912) Treaty of Alliance between the Kingdom of Greece and the Kingdom of Serbia (1913) The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, as Recounted by His Bodyguard (1914) Excerpt from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848) Erfurt Program (1891) Excerpts from the Program of the Unified Socialist Party (1905) Excerpts from a Resolution of the International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart (1907) “To Republicans” (1913) Selected Bibliography Acknowledgments
Europe on the Brink, 1914
1
Introduction
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE GAME
In Europe on the Brink, 1914 , students portray political and military leaders of the European powers and must decide how they (and their governments) will respond to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. In that capacity they will decide within their factions whether the crisis can be settled peacefully; if not, whether to enter the war or remain on the sidelines; and whether, how, and against whom to mobilize their armed forces. If war breaks out, the decisions made by the participants will have a direct effect on the course of the war in its initial months.
Players’ decisions will be influenced by a number of important texts related to international relations, including works by Emer de Vattel, Richard Cobden, Heinrich von Treitschke, Giuseppe Mazzini, Nikolai Danilevskii, Norman Angell, and Friedrich von Bernhardi. Excerpts from all of these are included in this gamebook.
The main intellectual clash in the game is between “balance of power” and nationalism. The former had been championed by European statesmen since the eighteenth century and was regarded as the best means for maintaining a stable international system that protected the sovereign rights of each state. The latter emerged in the late eighteenth century and gained strength through the nineteenth. Nationalists regarded ethnicity as the most important source of group identification for individuals and claimed that each sovereign “nation” deserved a government of its own choosing. While early nationalists such as Giuseppe Mazzini remained focused on national unification, later ones such as Nikolai Danilevskii and Friedrich von Bernhardi embraced a far more expansive vision of national interest, one that justified aggressive wars aimed at asserting the greatness and power of the nation-state. For these later nationalists, concepts such as the balance of power or international law were nothing more than tools used by weaker states to hold back the strong.
MAP OF EUROPE IN JU NE 1914
PROLOGUE
Sunday, June 28, 1914
The Orient Express
As you deposit your luggage in your sleeping compartment, you feel the jolt as the train begins its departure from Paris’s Gare de l’Est . The train is crowded with people returning from weekend holidays, so you make your way to the saloon car for a drink, hoping to pick up some of the latest gossip.
You were in Paris as a correspondent for the Hearst newspapers, covering what everyone was calling l’Affaire Caillaux —the “crime of the century.” In March, Henriette Caillaux, Parisian socialite and wife of Finance Minister Joseph Caillaux, visited the office of Gaston Calmette, editor of the venerable newspaper Le Figaro . Calmette, a critic of J. Caillaux, had obtained some of the finance minister’s political correspondence and embarrassed him by publishing it. Henriette feared that Calmette might publish letters of an even more personal nature, showing that she and Joseph had been involved romantically with one another years before their marriage—when in fact they were both married to other people. When she went to see Calmette on March 16, she did so with a concealed .32 Browning automatic pistol on her person. After a brief exchange of words, she drew the weapon and fired six rounds at the editor. Four of them found their mark, killing Calmette. Mme. Caillaux’s trial is slated to begin next month; rumor has it that her lawyer will plead her innocence on the grounds that it was a crime passionnel . How utterly French.
You had just managed to secure a reasonably cheap apartment in Paris when you got wind of another potentially big story: the archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, had been shot and killed along with his wife while on an official visit to Sarajevo. L’Affaire Caillaux could wait. You bought a ticket to Vienna and set out that same day on the famed Orient Express.
Once inside the saloon car, you order a whiskey neat, and you’re lucky enough to find a place to sit. Three gentlemen are seated nearby, engaged in a rather heated conversation in French. Fortunately, you’re fluent—fluent enough to pick up on the fact that one of them speaks with an English accent, and another with a German one. The third has a patois that you associate with Alsace, a province that was at one time French but that has been part of Germany since 1871. No wonder they’re arguing—nobody hates Germans like Alsatian Frenchmen. The subject of the conversation is the assassination of the archduke. You listen in, hungry for details.
“They say the killer is a Serbian terrorist,” says the German—let’s call him “Fritz.” “It is a well-known fact that the Serbian government has long been driven by hatred of Austria-Hungary. Can there be any doubt that Belgrade is behind this outrage?”
The Frenchman—we’ll call him “Pierre”—makes a face. “Such a conclusion is not warranted. A government can’t be responsible for every single thing that one of its citizens does.”
“Yes,” agrees the Englishmen, whom we’ll call “Thomas.” “I’ve been to that part of Europe, and I can tell you that nationalism runs deep there. Secret societies abound. And while I won’t condone such a savage act as murder, one can’t help but feel a bit of sympathy for the Serbs—after all, five million of their countrymen live in Austria-Hungary. Is there any doubt that they’d prefer to live under a Serbian ruler, rather than a German one?”
Fritz snorts. “Serbians are savages. It wasn’t that long ago that they killed their own king and queen. Now they’ve gone too far, and must be punished. The honor of Austria-Hungary is at stake. But let’s not forget Russia’s role in all this.”
“Russia’s role?” Pierre asks, cocking an eyebrow. “Be caref