In the past two decades, scholars have transformed our understanding of the interactions between India and the West since the consolidation of British power on the subcontinent around 1800. While acknowledging the merits of this scholarship, Sheldon Pollock argues that knowing how colonialism changed South Asian cultures, particularly how Western modes of thought became dominant, requires knowing what was there to be changed. Yet little is known about the history of knowledge and imagination in late precolonial South Asia, about what systematic forms of thought existed, how they worked, or who produced them. This pioneering collection of essays helps to rectify this situation by addressing the ways thinkers in India and Tibet responded to a rapidly changing world in the three centuries prior to 1800. Contributors examine new forms of communication and conceptions of power that developed across the subcontinent; changing modes of literary consciousness, practices, and institutions in north India; unprecedented engagements in comparative religion, autobiography, and ethnography in the Indo-Persian sphere; and new directions in disciplinarity, medicine, and geography in Tibet. Taken together, the essays in Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia inaugurate the exploration of a particularly complex intellectual terrain, while gesturing toward distinctive forms of non-Western modernity.Contributors. Muzaffar Alam, Imre Bangha, Aditya Behl, Allison Busch, Sumit Guha, Janet Gyatso, Matthew T. Kapstein, Francoise Mallison, Sheldon Pollock, Velcheru Narayana Rao, Kurtis R. Schaeffer, Sunil Sharma, David Shulman, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi
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Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia
Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia
Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800
In memory of our dear friend and colleague, Aditya Behl (1966–2009)
Contents
Acknowledgments i
Introduction 1 Sheldon Pollock
Part I Communication Knowledge and Power 1 e anguages of Science in Éarly Modern India 1 Sheldon Pollock 2 Bad anguage and Good anguage: eical Awareness in the Cultural Politics of Peninsular India ca 1300–100 4 Sumit Guha 3 A New Imperial Idiom in the Siteenth Century: Krishnadevaraya and is Political eory of Vijayanagara Velcheru Narayana Rao, David Shulman, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam
Part II iterary Consciousness Practices and Institutions in North India 4 e Aniety of Innovation: e Practice of iterary Science in the indiRītiTradition 11 Allison Busch Writing Devotion: e Dynamics of Tetual Transmission in theKavitāvalīof Tulsdās 140 Imre Bangha e Teaching of Braj Gujarati and Bardic Poetry at the Court of Kutch: e Bhuj Brajbhāṣā Pāṭhśālā (14–14) 11 Françoise Mallison
Part III Inside the World of Indo-Persian ought e Making of aMunshī1 Muzaar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam Pages from the Book of Religions: Éncountering DiFerence in Mughal India 210 Aditya Behl “If ere Is a Paradise on Éarth It Is ere”: Urban Éthnography in Indo-Persian Poetic and istorical Tets 240 Sunil Sharma 10 Éarly Persianate Modernity 2 Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi
Part IV Éarly Modernities of Tibetan Knowledge 11 New Scholarship in Tibet 10–100 21 Kurtis R. Schaeer 12 Éperience Émpiricism and the ortunes of Authority: Tibetan Medicine and Buddhism on the Éve of Modernity 311 Janet Gyatso 13 Just Where on Jambudvpa Are We? New Geographical Knowledge and Old Cosmological Schemes in Éighteenth-century Tibet 33 Matthew T. Kapstein
Contributors 3 Inde 3
Acknowledgments
A number of the papers in this collection were rst presented at the seminar orms of Knowledge in Éarly Modern South Asia organiZed at the Univer-sity of Chicago in the academic year 2002–3 I gratefully acknowledge the sup-port of the Committee on Southern Asian Studies without which the seminar could not have taken place Valerie Millholland our editor at Duke University Press has been epert in her guidance and gracious in her patience Tim Élfenbein did a remarkable job managing the comple editing and production of the volume and I am truly grateful to him e inde was prepared with great care and eciency by Katherine Ulrich ree anonymous reviewers generously oFered criticisms and suggestions for improvement I wish to thank Arthur Dudney Élaine isher Andrew Ollett and Audrey Truschke my research assistants at Columbia for their help in preparing the volume for the press
Éarlier versions of the essays of MuZaFar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam Imre Bangha Allison Busch Sumit Guha Janet Gyatso and Sunil Sharma were published inComparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East24 no 2 (2004) A longer version of Aditya Behl’s essay was published inNotes from a Mandala: Essays in Honor of Wendy Doniger edited by David aberman and aurie Patton (Newark: University of Delaware Press 2010) An earlier version of Sheldon Pollock’s essay was published inContributions to Indian and Cross-Cultural Studies: Volume in Commemoration of Wilhelm Halbfass edited by Karin PreisendanZ (Vienna: Akademie der Wissenschaften 200) An ab-breviated version of the essay by V Narayana Rao David Shulman and Sanjay Subrahmanyam was published inSouth-Indian Horizons:Felicitation Volume for François Gros edited by Jean-uc Chevillard (Pondicherry: Institut franÇais de Pondichéry Ècole franÇaise d’etrême-orient 2004) Individual authors’ preferences in diacritics and styles of transliteration have been respected in the book