Sudan: The Rise of Closed Districts' Natives

Omer Shurkian

Description

Sudan has been pitted by the most brutal civil wars in Africa, which began just prior to its independence in 1956. The root causes of these wars are too many, notably the forcible Islamisation and Arabisation of diverse peoples by all successive governments. These two contentious policies are always a cloak for racism against the indigenous population of the country, have adversely contributed to schism between secularists and Islamists, fuelled identity crisis and caused unimaginable human rights violations. The book discusses the early signs of conflict in the former Closed Districts and the harbinger of unforeseen crisis, which was predicted by a sagacious politician amid the stubbornness of Northern elites and the leaders of sectarian parties. In spite of the looming crises, these pre- and post-independence politicians were jockeying for power that was left over by the departing colonialists. This work also focuses on the conflict in each region of what was once classified as a Closed District and the brutal crackdown by the Khartoum regimes against defenceless civilians. The ferocity of civil war in every war-torn area caused the loss of lives and property, created thousands of internally displaced persons and drove thousands more into neighbouring countries as refugees eking out a frugal living in refugee camps. The thesis also discusses peace initiatives, the stumbling blocks, their outcomes and failures to materialise into a concrete accord; it proposes how the crisis of governance in Sudan can be settled politically and peacefully once and for all.

Sujets

• Histoire
• África
• History of Africa
• History
• Africa

Informations

• Publié par: Austin Macauley Publishers
• Date de parution: 26 février 2021
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781528971768
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

S udan: T he R ise of C losed D istricts’ N atives
Omer Shurkian
Austin Macauley Publishers
2021-02-26
Sudan: The Rise of Closed Districts’ Natives About the Author Dedication Copyright Information © Useful Acronyms Introduction Chapter One The Transitional Military Council: 1985–1986 The Mass Starvation of Sudan’s Peripheries The Economic Crisis and Political Mismanagement The Popular Protest for Political Change The Transitional Military Council: A Dawn Without Sunlight The Putsch of Disgruntled NCOs The Spread of Civil War to the Nuba Mountains and the Blue Nile Civil War in the South and Peace Prospects Chapter Two Sadiq Al-Mahdi Government: 1986–1989 Introduction Sadiq’s Tenure: A Return to the Traditional Politics of Plutocrats The Da’ein Massacre and Resurgence of Slavery Dar Fur Amid Banditry, Tribal Conflicts and Foreign Interventions The Nuba’s Tragedy: Violating Human Rights, Promoting Human Wrongs The South Amid Hostilities, Peace Overtures and Sadiq’s Manoeuvres Sudan’s Foreign Policy Under Sadiq’s Government Chapter Three The National Salvation Regime: The Apparition of the Army Introduction The Identity of Coup Leaders and Their Associates The Jebelein Massacre The Civilian Opposition to the Regime The Military Opposition to the Regime Islamic Fundamentalism and Its Spillage Over into Sudan The Pope’s Visist to Khartoum Carlos Deal Between Khartoum and Paris Attempts to Resuscitate the Shattered Economy Chapter Four The South Amid Images of War and Peace: (1989–2005) Introduction Settling Down into a War Culture The Spectre of Chemical Weapons The War Path and Human Toll Slavery as an Impact of Civil War The Religionisation of Civil War The Split of the SPLM/A: Frustration in the Ranks The Battle of Juba and Human Rights Violations Sudan and Uganda: Uncomfortable Neighbours Kongor Declaration: The Transformation of Nasir Group Oil, War and Human Rights Violations The Travesty of Peace from Within In Search of Comprehensive Peace: Conflict Settlement or Resolution? The Involvement of the IGAD: Challenges and Aspirations Chapter Five The Beja: The Plight of a People Dispossessed Introduction The Beja People: Habitat and History The Beja Population and Tribes The Beja, the Arabs and the Nubian Connections The Beja: Defending the Homeland The Beja Congress and Struggle for Regionalism Identity Crisis: A Politico-Social Disconnect Decay in Social Welfare and Economic Development Human Rights Violations in Context of Civil War Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement Conclusion Chapter Six Dar Fur: The Root Causes of the Conflict and the Aftermath Introduction Dar Fur Under the Early Years of the Inqaz Regime The Islamic Movement and the Making of Armed Groups in Dar Fur Armed Protest, Racial Response and Human Rights Violations Dar Fur and the International Community The Chadian Connection The Dar Fur Peace Process: The Third Track Diplomacy The Path Towards an Incomplete Peace Conclusion Chapter Seven A Plea for Power Restructuring Introduction Historical, Social and Political Commonalities The Concept of Ethnicism and the Nature of Prejudice The Making of Alliances in Sudanese Armed Conflicts The Sudan Revolutionary Front The Sudan Call Forces Conclusion Chapter Eight A Silent Agendum in Sudan Peace Process: Identity and Culture Preview Introduction Identity and Cultural Awareness Identity and Culture in Sudan: The Historical Context Tackling Identity Crisis: A Return to Sennar The Rise of Sudanese Nationalism and Cultural Identity Cultural Discourse and the Crisis of Identity in Sudan Cultural Orientation in the Era of the Inqaz Regime Conclusion Conclusion Appendix 1 The Passports and Permits Ordinance 1922 Order Appendix 2 The Passports and Permits Ordinance 1922 Order Appendix 3 The Closed Districts Order as Amended in 1953 Appendix 4 Political Charter Appendix 5 Political Charter Between Sudan Government and the SPLA (United) Appendix 6 The Chukudum Declaration Appendix 7 Declaration of Principles for the Resolution of the Conflict in Eastern Sudan Appendix 8 The Hidden Slaughter and Ethnic Cleansing in Western Sudan Appendix 9 Protocol on Establishing a Humanitarian Assistance in Darfur Appendix 10 Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement on the Conflict in Darfur Appendix 11 Declaration of Principles for the Resolution of the Sudanese Conflict in Darfur Appendix 12 Declaration of Commitment to the Darfur Peace Agreement Appendix 13 Founding Declaration Selected Bibliography
About the Author
Omer Shurkian is a Sudanese who has been working relentlessly through his participation in a number of conferences within the UK and overseas to draw public attention to what is, for most outsiders, a largely unpublicised issue in world politics. He has been involved in anti-government campaigns for its horrific record on human rights violations against its opponents. With fellow Nuba people in Britain, they created and ran the UK-based Nuba Mountains Solidarity Abroad (NMSA) in the early 1990s. He served as the secretary general of NMSA and later its chairman. He was also the editor-in-chief of  NAFIR,  the newsletter of the Nuba people in Sudan. In December 2001, he was granted Passport to Freedom by the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France, for his role in highlighting gross human rights abuses by the Sudanese regime. He is the author of  War in the Nuba Mountains of Sudan (1983–2011): The Root Causes and Peace Settlement .
Dedication
To my late father, who once carried me on his shoulders to mountaintops, through jungle and down in valleys below to find me a school in a neighbouring village in the Nuba Mountains, Sudan. To my mother, who used to encourage me and my younger brother to pursue our studies, motivated by nothing but her motherly affection to see her children successful and prosperous in their lives, albeit she – and our father – had never been to school herself. To my dear wife and our three sons, I dedicate this so humble a work.
Copyright Information ©
Omer Shurkian (2021)
The right of Omer Shurkian to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with section 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers.
Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
A CIP catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
ISBN 9781528946414 (Paperback)
ISBN 9781528946421 (Hardback)
ISBN 9781528971768 (ePub e-book)
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First Published (2021)
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Useful Acronyms ADF Allied Democratic Forces AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development AMIS African Union Mission in Sudan APF African Peace-keeping Force ARB Animal Resources Bank ATR African Traditional Religions AU African Union AUHIP African Union High Implementation Panel BP British Petroleum BPLM Beni Shangul People’s Liberation Movement CEAWC Committee for the Eradication of Abduction of Women and Children BPLM Beni Shangul People’s Liberation Movement CMC Church Missionary Society CNF Congress of New Forces CNPC China National Petroleum Corporation CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement CSI Christian Solidarity International CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies CUSS Council for the Unity of South Sudan DDPD Doha Document for Peace in Dar Fur DOP Declaration of Principles DPA Dar Fur Peace Agreement DRA Dar Fur Regional Authority DUP Democratic Unionist Party EC European Community ECC Equatorial Central Committee (for redivision) ECU European Currency Unit EEC European Economic Community EIJ Eritrean Islamic Jihad ELF Eritrean Liberation Front ECU European Currency Unit ELF-NC Eritrean Liberation Front – National Command EPLF Eritrean People’s Liberation Front EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front EU European Union EUC Eritrean United Council FACE Friends of African Children Education FIS Front Islamique du Salut (Islamic Salvation Front) GDP Front Islamique du Salut (Islamic Salvation Front) GIA Groupe Islamique Armé (Armed Islamic Group) GUN General Union of the Nuba Mountains GUSNF Front Islamique du Salut (Islamic Salvation Front) ICC International Criminal Court ICF Islamic Charter Front ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDA International Development Association IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFLO Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development ILO International Labour Organisation ILP Islamic Liberation Party IMF International Monetary Fund IMO Islamic Missionary Organisation INEC Interim National Executive Council IPF IGAD Partners Forum JEM Justice and Equality Movement KCC Kenyan Council of Churches LCAF Legitimate Command of the Armed Forces LEJI Libyan-Egyptian Joint Initiative LJM Liberation and Justice Movement LMMC Livestock and Meat Marketing Corporation LRA Lord’s Resistance Army MIS Military Intelligence Service MOU Memorandum of Understanding MSF Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) MTLSS Movement of Total Liberation of Southern Sudan NAM National Action Movement NASC National Alliance for the Salvation of the Country NCF National Consensus Forces NCOs Non-Commissioned Officers NCP National Congress Party NDA National Democratic Alliance NDFM New Democratic Forces Movement NIF National Islamic Front NLC National Liberation Council NPA Norwegian People’s Aid NRF National Redemption Front NRM/A National Resistance Movement/Army NSCC New Sudan Council of Churc