The Origin of Species

Charles Darwin

Description

The Origin of Species is the magnum opus of natural scientist Charles Darwin. In the book Darwin presents the theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through the process of natural selection. The book goes on to present a body of evidence for the hypothesis that the diversity of life in this way arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution.
Darwin had gathered much of his evidence for the book on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s to among other places the Galápagos Islands.

Sujets

• Wilson
• Letter
• Voyage of the Beagle
• Biography

Informations

• Publié par: Pandora's Box
• Date de parution: 24 mars 2020
• Nombre de lectures: 8
• EAN13: 9789897782541
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Charles Darwin
THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
Table of Contents
 
 
 
Introduction
Chapter 1 — Variation Under Domestication
Causes of Variability
Effects of Habit and of the Use or Disuse of Parts; Correlated Variation; Inheritance
Character of Domestic Varieties; Difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species; Origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species
Breeds of the Domestic Pigeon, their Differences and Origin
Principles of Selection anciently followed, and their Effects
Unconscious Selection
Circumstances favourable to Man’s Power of Selection
Chapter 2 — Variation Under Nature
Individual Differences
Doubtful Species
Wide-ranging, much diffused, and common Species vary most
Species of the Larger Genera in each Country vary more frequently than the Species of the Smaller Genera
Many of the Species included within the Larger Genera resemble Varieties in being very closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges
Summary
Chapter 3 — Struggle for Existence
The Term, Struggle for Existence, used in a large sense
Geometrical Ratio of Increase
Nature of the Checks to Increase
Complex Relations of all Animals and Plants to each other in the Struggle for Existence
Struggle for Life most severe between Individuals and Varieties of the same Species
Chapter 4 — Natural Selection; or the Survival of the Fittest
Sexual Selection
Illustrations of the Action of Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest
On the Intercrossing of Individuals
Circumstances favourable for the production of new forms through Natural Selection
Extinction caused by Natural Selection
Divergence of Character
The Probable Effects of the Action of Natural Selection through Divergence of Character and Extinction, on the Descendants of a Common Ancestor
On the Degree to which Organisation tends to advance
Convergence of Character
Summary of Chapter
Chapter 5 — Laws of Variation
Effects of the increased Use and Disuse of Parts, as controlled by Natural Selection
Acclimatisation
Correlated Variation
Compensation and Economy of Growth
Multiple, Rudimentary, and Lowly-organised Structures are Variable
A Part developed in any Species in an extraordinary degree or manner, in comparison with the same Part in allied Species, tends to be highly variable
Specific Characters more Variable than Generic Characters
Summary
Chapter 6 — Difficulties of the Theory
Organs of extreme Perfection and Complication
Modes of Transition
Special Difficulties of the Theory Of Natural Selection
Organs of little apparent Importance, as affected by Natural Selection
Utilitarian Doctrine, how far true: Beauty, how acquired.
Summary: the Law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence embraced by the Theory of Natural Selection
Chapter 7 — Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection
Chapter 8 — Instinct
Inherited Changes of Habit or Instinct in Domesticated Animals
Special Instincts
Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection as applied to Instincts: Neuter and Sterile Insects
Summary
Chapter 9 — Hybridism
Laws governing the Sterility of first Crosses and of Hybrids
Origin and Causes of the Sterility of first Crosses and of Hybrids
Reciprocal Dimorphism and Trimorphism
Fertility of Varieties when Crossed, and of their Mongrel Offspring, not universal
Hybrids and Mongrels compared, independently of their fertility
Summary of Chapter
Chapter 10 — On the Imperfection of the Geological Record
On the Lapse of Time, as inferred from the rate of Deposition and extent of Denudation
On the Poorness of Palaeontological Collections
On the Absence of Numerous Intermediate Varieties in any Single Formation
On the sudden Appearance of whole Groups of allied Species
On the Sudden Appearance of Groups of allied Species in the lowest known Fossiliferous Strata
Chapter 11 — On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings
On Extinction
On the Forms of Life changing almost simultaneously throughout the World
On the Affinities of Extinct Species to each other, and to Living Forms
On the State of Development of Ancient compared with Living Forms
On the Succession of the same Types within the same Areas, during the later Tertiary periods
Summary of the preceding and present Chapters
Chapter 12 — Geographical Distribution
Means of Dispersal
Dispersal during the Glacial Period
Alternate Glacial Periods in the North and South
Chapter 13 — Geographical Distribution Continued
Fresh-water Productions
On the Inhabitants of Oceanic Islands
Absence of Batrachians and Terrestrial Mammals on Oceanic Islands
On the Relations of the Inhabitants of Islands to those of the nearest Mainland
Summary of the last and present Chapters
Chapter 14 — Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology: Embryology: Rudimentary Organs
Classification
Morphology
Development and Embryology
Rudimentary, Atrophied, and Aborted Organs
Summary
Chapter 15 — Recapitulation and Conclusion
Glossary of the Principal Scientific Terms Used in the Present Volume
 
Introduction
 
 
 
When on board H.M.S. Beagle as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the organic beings inhabiting South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts, as will be seen in the latter chapters of this volume, seemed to throw some light on the origin of species — that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers. On my return home, it occurred to me, in 1837, that something might perhaps be made out on this question by patiently accumulating and reflecting on all sorts of facts which could possibly have any bearing on it. After five years’ work I allowed myself to speculate on the subject, and drew up some short notes; these I enlarged in 1844 into a sketch of the conclusions, which then seemed to me probable: from that period to the present day I have steadily pursued the same object. I hope that I may be excused for entering on these personal details, as I give them to show that I have not been hasty in coming to a decision.
My work is now (1859) nearly finished; but as it will take me many more years to complete it, and as my health is far from strong, I have been urged to publish this abstract. I have more especially been induced to do this, as Mr. Wallace, who is now studying the natural history of the Malay Archipelago, has arrived at almost exactly the same general conclusions that I have on the origin of species. In 1858 he sent me a memoir on this subject, with a request that I would forward it to Sir Charles Lyell, who sent it to the Linnean Society, and it is published in the third volume of the Journal of that society. Sir C. Lyell and Dr. Hooker, who both knew of my work — the latter having read my sketch of 1844 — honoured me by thinking it advisable to publish, with Mr. Wallace’s excellent memoir, some brief extracts from my manuscripts.
This abstract, which I now publish, must necessarily be imperfect. cannot here give references and authorities for my several statements; and I must trust to the reader reposing some confidence in my accuracy. No doubt errors will have crept in, though I hope I have always been cautious in trusting to good authorities alone. I can here give only the general conclusions at which I have arrived, with a few facts in illustration, but which, I hope, in most cases will suffice. No one can feel more sensible than I do of the necessity of hereafter publishing in detail all the facts, with references, on which my conclusions have been grounded; and I hope in a future work to do this. For I am well aware that scarcely a single point is discussed in this volume on which facts cannot be adduced, often apparently leading to conclusions directly opposite to those at which I have arrived. A fair result can be obtained only by fully stating and balancing the facts and arguments on both sides of each question; and this is here impossible.
I much regret that want of space prevents my having the satisfaction of acknowledging the generous assistance which I have received from very many naturalists, some of them personally unknown to me. I cannot, however, let this opportunity pass without expressing my deep obligations to Dr. Hooker, who, for the last fifteen years, has aided me in every possible way by his large stores of knowledge and his excellent judgment.
In considering the Origin of Species, it is quite conceivable that a naturalist, reflecting on the mutual affinities of organic beings, on their embryological relations, their geographical distribution, geological succession, and other such facts, might come to the conclusion that species had not been independently created, but had descended, like varieties, from other species. Nevertheless, such a conclusion, even if well founded, would be unsatisfactory, until it could be shown how the innumerable species inhabiting this world have been modified, so as to acquire that perfection of structure and coadaptation which justly excites our admiration. Naturalists continually refer to external conditions, such as climate, food, &c., as the only possible cause of variation. In one limited sense, as we shall hereafter see,