Criminal Man - According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso

Gina Lombroso

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• Publié par: fyap
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 369
• Langue: English
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Title: Criminal Man  According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso

Author: Gina Lombroso-Ferrero

Commentator: Cesare Lombroso

Release Date: September 3, 2009 [EBook #29895]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CRIMINAL MAN ***

Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Stephanie Eason, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was made using scans of public domain works from the University of Michigan Digital Libraries.)

THE SCIENCE SERIES

Edited by E DWARD L EE T HORNDIKE , Ph.D., and F. E. B EDDARD , M.A., F.R.S.

1 .The Study of Man. H ADDON .

By A. C.

2 .The Groundwork of Science. By S T . G EORGE M IVART .

3 .Rivers of North America. By I SRAEL C. R USSELL .

4.Earth Sculpture, or; The Origin of Land Forms.By J AMES G EIKIE .

5 .Volcanoes; Their Structure and Significance.By T. G. B ONNEY .

6.Bacteria.By G EORGE N EWMAN .

7 .A Book of Whales. B EDDARD .

By F. E.

8.Comparative Physiology of the Brain,etc. By J ACQUES L OEB .

9.The Stars.By S IMON N EWCOMB .

1 0 .The Basis of Social Relations.By D ANIEL G. B RINTON .

1 1 .Experiments on Animals. By S TEPHEN P AGET .

1 2 .Infection and Immunity. By G EORGE M. S TERNBERG .

13.Fatigue.By A. M OSSO .

1 4 .Earthquakes.C By LARENCE  E. D UTTON .

1 5 .The Nature of Man. M ETCHNIKOFF .

By É LIE

16.Nervous and Mental Hygiene in Health and Disease. By A UGUST F OREL .

1 7 .The Prolongation of Life. By É LIE M ETCHNIKOFF .

18.The Solar System.C By HARLES L ANE P OOR .

1 9 .Heredity. T HOMPSON , M.A.

By J.

R A THUR

2 0 .Climate. By R OBERT  D E C OURCY W ARD .

2 1 .Age, Growth, and Death. By C HARLES S. M INOT .

2 2 .The Interpretation of Nature. By C. L LOYD M ORGAN .

2 3 .Mosquito Life. G ROESBEECK M ITCHELL .

By E VELYN

2 4 .Thinking, Feeling, Doing. By E. W. S CRIPTURE .

2 5 .The World's Gold. By L. DE L AUNAY .

26.The Interpretation of Radium. By F. S ODDY .

2 7 .Criminal Man. L OMBROSO .

By C ESARE

For list of works in preparation see end of this volume

The Science Series

CRIMINAL MAN

CRIMINAL MAN

ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF

CESARE LOMBROSO

BRIEFLY SUMMARISED BY HIS DAUGHTER

GINA LOMBROSO-FERRERO

WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY

CESARE LOMBROSO

ILLUSTRATED

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

NEW YORK AND LONDON

The Knickerbocker Press

1911

C OPYR IGH T , 1911

BY

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

The Knickerbocker Press, New York

CONTENTS

[Pg iii]

PART I.—THE CRIMINAL WORLD

CHAPTER I

T HE B ORN C RIMINAL

Classical and modern schools of penal jurisprudence—Physical anomalies of the born criminal —Senses and functions—Psychology —Intellectual manifestations—The criminal in proverbial sayings.

CHAPTER II

T HE B ORN C RIMINALANDHIS R ELATIONTO M ORAL I NSANITYAND E PILEPSY

Identity of born criminals and the morally insane—Analogy of physical and psychic characters, origin and development—Epilepsy—Multiformity of disease—Equivalence of certain forms to criminality—Physical and psychic characters—Cases of moral insanity with latent epileptic phenomena.

CHAPTER III

T HE I NSANE C RIMINAL

General forms of criminal insanity, imbecility, melancholia, general paralysis, dementia, monomania —Physical and psychic characters of the mentally deranged—Special forms of criminal insanity—Inebriate lunatics from inebriation—Physical and psychic characters—Specific crimes—Epileptic lunatics —Manifestations—Hysterical lunatics —Physical and functional characters —Psychology.

C RIMINALOIDS

CHAPTER IV

Psychology—Tardy adoption of criminal career—Repentance —Confession—Moral sense and affections—Habitual criminals —Juridical criminals—Criminals of passion.

PAGE

3

52

74

100

[Pg iv]

PART II.—CRIME, ITS ORIGIN, CAUSE, AND CURE

CHAPTER I

O RIGINAND C AUSESOF C RIME

Atavistic origin of crime—Criminality in children—Pathological origin of crime—Direct and indirect heredity —Illnesses, intoxications, and traumatism—Alcoholism—Social causes of crime—Education and environment—Atmospheric and climatic influences—Density of population—Imitation—Immigration —Prison life—Economic conditions —Sex—Age.

CHAPTER II

T HE P REVENTIONOF C RIME

Preventive institutions for children and young people—Homes for orphans and destitute children—Colonies for unruly youths—Institutions for assisting adults—Salvation Army.

CHAPTER III

M ETHODSFORTHE C UREAND R EPRESSIONOF C RIME

Juvenile offenders—Children's Courts —Institutions for female offenders —Minor offenders, criminals of passion, political offenders, and criminaloids—Probation system and indeterminate sentence —Reformatories—Penitentiaries —Institutes for habitual criminals —Penal colonies—Institutions for born criminals and the morally insane —Asylums for insane criminals —Capital punishment—Symbiosis.

PART III.—CHARACTERS AND TYPES OF CRIMINALS

CHAPTER I

E XAMINATIONOF C RIMINALS

Antecedents and psychology

125

153

175

219

[Pg v]

W ORKSOF C ESARE L OMBROSO (B RIEFLY S UMMARISED )

IX.

VIII.

X.

S UMMARYOF C HIEF F ORMSOF C RIMINALITYTO A IDIN D ISTINGUISHINGBETWEEN C RIMINALSAND L UNATICSANDIN D ETECTING S IMULATIONSOF I NSANITY

B IBLIOGRAPHYOFTHE C HIEF W ORKSOF C ESARE L OMBROSO

I NDEX

CHAPTER II

D IAGNOSTIC M ETHODSOF L EGAL P SYCHIATRY

A few cases showing the practical application of criminal anthropology.

307

309

R ECENT D ISCOVERIESIN P SYCHIATRYAND C RIMINAL A NTHROPOLOGYANDTHE P RACTICAL A PPLICATIONOFTHESE S CIENCES

II.

I.

C RIMINAL M AN

A NARCHISTS

[Pg vi]

XI.

L ECTURESON L EGAL M EDICINE

T HE M ANOF G ENIUS

APPENDIX

V.

IV.

III.

A NCIENTAND M ODERN C RIMES

VII.

VI.

P RISON P ALIMPSESTS : Studies in Prison Inscriptions

P OLITICAL C RIME . (In Collaboration with Rodolfo Laschi.)

T OO S OON : A Criticism of the New Italian Penal Code

294

303

298

283

302

300

288

315

310

—Methods of testing intelligence and emotions—Morbid phenomena —Speech, memory, and handwriting —Clothing—Physical examination —Tests of sensibility and senses —Excretions—Table of anthropological examination of criminals and the insane.

291

T HE F EMALE O FFENDER . (In Collaboration with Guglielmo Ferrero.)

258

305

B OY M ORALLY I NSANE

Fig. 13.

60

82

Fig. 12.

B OY M ORALLY I NSANE

I TALIAN C RIMINAL . A C ASEOF A LCOHOLISM

Fig. 15.

B RIGAND G ASPARONE

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 16.

Fig. 19.

Fig. 18.

Fig. 21.

S KULL F ORMATION

S KULL F ORMATION

Fig. 22.

Fig.

T HE B RIGAND S ALOMONE

S IGNATURESOF C RIMINALS

A RT P RODUCTIONFROM P RISON

B RIGAND C ASERIO

F ERNANDO . E PILEPTIC

A N E PILEPTIC B OY

F IGURES M ADEIN P RISON . M URDEROFA S LEEPING V ICTIM

16

23

32

H EADOF C RIMINAL

PAGE

11

11

16

[Pg viii]

45

44

32

42

114

114

[Pg vii]

6

T ERRA - COTTA B OWLS . D ESIGNEDBYA C RIMINAL

A LPHABET . D ISCOVEREDBY D E B LASIO

Fig. 11.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 17.

Fig. 20.

Fig. 6.

L AYERSOFTHE F RONTAL R EGION

Fig. 3.

H EADOF C RIMINAL

Fig. 4.

Fig. 2.

F OSSETTE O CCIPITAL

Fig. 1.

C RIMINAL G IRL

56

60

Fig. 8.

C RUCIFIX P OIGNARD

56

W ATER -J UGS

Fig. 10.

D RAWINGSIN S CRIPT . D ISCOVEREDBY D E B LASIO

Fig. 7.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 5.

166

163

134

120

136

Fig. 37.

Fig. 32.

D IAGRAM S HOWING N ORMAL V ISION

A LGOMETER

D IAGRAMOF S KULL

Fig. 35.

Fig. 34.

Fig. 28.

A NTON O TTO K RAUSER . A PACHE

Fig. 29.

Fig. 27.

23.

A RT P RODUCTIONFROM P RISON

A V OLUMETRIC G LOVE

Fig. 31.

Fig. 25.

Fig. 24.

[Professor Lombroso was able before his death to gi ve his personal attention to the volume prepared by his daughter and collaborator, Gina Lombroso Ferrero (wife of the di stinguished historian), in which is presented a summary of the conclusions reached in the great treatise by Lombroso on the ca uses of

Fig. 39.

H EADOFA C RIMINAL . E PILEPTIC

INTRODUCTION

[Pg xi]

254

C AMPIMETEROF L ANDOLT (M ODIFIED )

250

253

241

248

245

239

241

238

Fig. 36.

A C RIMINAL ' S E AR

A NTHROPOMETER

C RANIOGRAPH A NFOSSI

P ELVIMETER

D YNAMOMETER

Fig. 33.

BY CESARE LOMBROSO

E STHESIOMETER

D IAGRAMOF S KULL

136

136

224

224

236

224

237

248

[Pg ix]

Fig. 26.

Fig. 30.

H EADOFAN I TALIAN C RIMINAL

Fig. 38.

A C OMBATBETWEEN B RIGANDSAND G ENDARMES . D ESIGNEDBYA C RIMINAL

criminality and the treatment of criminals. The preparation of the introduction to this volume was the last literary w ork which the distinguished author found it possible to complete during his final illness.] T will, perhaps, be of interest to American readers of this book, in which I the ideas of the Modern Penal School, set forth in my work,Criminal Man, have been so pithily summed up by my daughter, to l earn how the first outlines of this science arose in my mind and gradu ally took shape in a definite work—how, that is, combated by some, the o bject of almost fanatical adherence on the part of others, especial ly in America, where tradition has little hold, the Modern Penal School came into being.

On consulting my memory and the documents relating to my studies on this subject, I find that its two fundamental ideas—that, for instance, which claims as an essential point the study not of crime in the abstract, but of the criminal himself, in order adequately to deal with the evil effects of his wrong-doing, and that which classifies the congenit al criminal as an anomaly, partly pathological and partly atavistic, a revival of the primitive savage—did not suggest themselves to me instantaneously under the spell of a single deep impression, but were the offspring of a series of impressions. The slow and almost unconscious associ ation of these first vague ideas resulted in a new system which, influenced by its origin, has preserved in all its subsequent developments the tr aces of doubt and indecision, the marks of the travail which attended its birth.

The first idea came to me in 1864, when, as an army doctor, I beguiled my ample leisure with a series of studies on the Itali an soldier. From the very beginning I was struck by a characteristic that dis tinguished the honest soldier from his vicious comrade: the extent to which the latter was tattooed and the indecency of the designs that covered his b ody. This idea, however, bore no fruit.

The second inspiration came to me when on one occas ion, amid the laughter of my colleagues, I sought to base the stu dy of psychiatry on experimental methods. When in '66, fresh from the atmosphere of clinical experiment, I had begun to study psychiatry, I real ised how inadequate were the methods hitherto held in esteem, and how n ecessary it was, in studying the insane, to make the patient, not the d isease, the object of attention. In homage to these ideas, I applied to the clinical examination of cases of mental alienation the study of the skull, with measurements and weights, by means of the esthesiometer and craniometer. Reassured by the result of these first steps, I sought to apply this method to the study of criminals—that is, to the differentiation of criminals and lunatics, following the example of a few investigators, such as Thomson and Wilson; but as at that time I had neither criminals nor moral imbecil es available for observation (a remarkable circumstance since I was to make the criminal my starting-point), and as I was skeptical as to the existence of those "moral lunatics" so much insisted on by both French and English authors, whose demonstrations, however, showed a lamentable lack o f precision, I was anxious to apply the experimental method to the stu dy of the diversity, rather than the analogy, between lunatics, criminal s, and normal individuals. Like him, however, whose lantern lights the road for others, while he himself stumbles in the darkness, this method proved useless for determining the differences between criminals and l unatics, but served instead to indicate a new method for the study of p enal jurisprudence, a

[Pg xii]

[Pg xiii]

[Pg xiv]

matter to which I had never given serious thought. I began dimly to realise that thea prioristudies on crime in the abstract, hitherto pursued by jurists, especially in Italy, with singular acumen, should b e superseded by the direct analytical study of the criminal, compared w ith normal individuals and the insane.

I, therefore, began to study criminals in the Itali an prisons, and, amongst others, I made the acquaintance of the famous briga nd Vilella. This man possessed such extraordinary agility, that he had b een known to scale steep mountain heights bearing a sheep on his shoul ders. His cynical effrontery was such that he openly boasted of his crimes. On his death one cold grey November morning, I was deputed to make thepost-mortem, and on laying open the skull I found on the occipital p art, exactly on the spot where a spine is found in the normal skull, a disti nct depression which I namedmedian occipital fossa, because of its situation precisely in the middle of the occiput as in inferior animals, espec ially rodents. This depression, as in the case of animals, was correlated with the hypertrophy of thevermis, known in birds as the middle cerebellum.

This was not merely an idea, but a revelation. At the sight of that skull, I seemed to see all of a sudden, lighted up as a vast plain under a flaming sky, the problem of the nature of the criminal—an a tavistic being who reproduces in his person the ferocious instincts of primitive humanity and the inferior animals. Thus were explained anatomically the enormous jaws, high cheek-bones, prominent superciliary arches, so litary lines in the palms, extreme size of the orbits, handle-shaped or sessile ears found in criminals, savages, and apes, insensibility to pain , extremely acute sight, tattooing, excessive idleness, love of orgies, and the irresistible craving for evil for its own sake, the desire not only to extinguish life in the victim, but to mutilate the corpse, tear its flesh, and drink its blood.

I was further encouraged in this bold hypothesis by the results of my studies on Verzeni, a criminal convicted of sadism and rape , who showed the cannibalistic instincts of primitive anthropophagis ts and the ferocity of beasts of prey.

The various parts of the extremely complex problem of criminality were, however, not all solved hereby. The final key was g iven by another case, that of Misdea, a young soldier of about twenty-one , unintelligent but not vicious. Although subject to epileptic fits, he had served for some years in the army when suddenly, for some trivial cause, he attacked and killed eight of his superior officers and comrades. His ho rrible work accomplished, he fell into a deep slumber, which lasted twelve hours and on awaking appeared to have no recollection of what had happened. Misdea, while representing the most ferocious type of animal, manifested, in addition, all the phenomena of epilepsy, which appeared to be hereditary in all the members of his family. It flashed across my mind that many criminal characteristics not attributable to atavis m, such as facial asymmetry, cerebral sclerosis, impulsiveness, insta ntaneousness, the periodicity of criminal acts, the desire of evil fo r evil's sake, were morbid characteristics common to epilepsy, mingled with others due to atavism.

Thus were traced the first clinical outlines of my work which had hitherto been entirely anthropological. The clinical outline s confirmed the anthropological contours, andvice versâ; for the greatest criminals showed themselves to be epileptics, and, on the other hand, epileptics manifested

[Pg xv]

[Pg xvi]