System der volkswirthschaft. English

Wilhelm Roscher, L. (Louis) Wolowski, John J. (John Joseph) Lalor

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Principles Of Political Economy
by William Roscher
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Title: Principles Of Political Economy
Author: William Roscher
Release Date: January 4, 2009 [Ebook 27698]
Language: English
***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK
PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY***Principles Of Political Economy
By
William Roscher,
Professor of Political Economy at the University of Leipzig,
Corresponding Member of the Institute of France,
Privy Counsellor To His Majesty,
The King Of Saxony.
From the Thirteenth (1877) German Edition.
With Additional Chapters Furnished By The
Author,
For This First English And American Edition,
On Paper Money, International Trade,
And The Protective System;
And A Preliminary Essay
On The Historical Method In Political Economy
(From the French)
By
L. Wolowski
The Whole Translated By
John J. Lalor, A. M.
Vol. I.
New York:
Henry Holt & Co.
1878Contents
Translator's Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Author's Preface. (1st Edition.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
From The Author's Prefaces. (2d to 11th Edition.) . . . . . 7
Preliminary Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Chapter I. Fundamental Ideas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Section I. Goods—Wants. . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 II. Goods.—Economic Goods. . . . . . . 64
Section III.—The Three Classes Of Goods. 66 IV. Of Value.—Value In Use. . . . . . . 68
Section V. Value.—Value In Exchange. . . . . . 71 VI. Value.—Alleged Contradiction
Between Value In Use And Value In
Exchange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Section VII. Resources Or Means (Vermögen). . 76 VIII. Valuation Of Resources. . . . . . . 77
Section IX. Wealth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 X.—Signs Of National Wealth. . 81
Section XI. Of Economy (Husbandry). . . . . . . 86 XII. Economy.—Grades Of Economy. . . 90
Section XIII. Political Economy.—The
Economic Organism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Section XIV. Origin Of A Nation's Economy. . . 98 XV. Diseases Of The Social Organism. . 100
Chapter II. Position Of Political Economy In The Circle
Of Related Sciences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Section XVI. Political Or National Economy. . . 102iv Principles Of Political Economy
Section XVII. Sciences Relating To National
Life.—The Science Of Public
Economy.—The Of Finance. . . . . . 106
Section XVIII. Sciences Relating To National
Life.—Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Section XIX. Private Economy—Cameralistic
Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Section XX. Private Economy. (Continued.) . . . 113 XXI. What Political Economy Treats Of. 115
Chapter III. The Methods Of Political Economy. . . . . 120
Section XXII. Former Methods. . . . . . . . . . 120 XXIII. The Idealistic Method. . . . . . . 124
Section XXIV. The (Continued.)125 XXV. The Idealistic Method. (Continued.)128
Section XXVI. The Historical Method—The
Anatomy And Physiology Of Public
Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Section XXVII. Advantages Of The Historical
Or Physiological Method. . . . . . . . . 130
Section XXVIII. Advantages Of The Historical
Method. (Continued.) . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Section XXIX. The Practical Character Of The
Historical Method In Political Economy. 133
Book I. The Production Of Goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Chapter I. Factors Of Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Section XXX. Meaning Of Production. . . . . . . 136 XXXI. The Factors Of
Production.—External Nature. . . . . . . . . . . 137
Section XXXII. External Nature.—The
Sea.—Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Section XXXIII. External Nature.—Gifts Of
Nature With Value In Exchange. . . . . . . 144
Section XXXIV. External Nature. (Continued.) . 146v
Section XXXV. External Nature.—Elements Of
Agricultural Productiveness. . . . . . . . 148
Section XXXVI. External Nature.—Further
Divisions Of Nature's Gifts. . . . . . . . . . 151
Section XXXVII. External Nature.—The
Geographical Character Of A Country. . . . . 153
Section XXXVIII. Of Labor.—Divisions Of Labor.156 XXXIX. Labor.—Taste For
Labor.—Piece-Wages. . . . . . . . . . . 158
Section XL. Labor.—Labor-Power Of Individuals.164 XLI. Labor.—Effect Of The Esteem In
Which It Is Held. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Section XLII. Of Capital.—The Classes Of
Goods Of Which A Nation's Capital Is
Made Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Section XLIII. Capital.—Productive Capital. . . . 177 XLIV.—Fixed Capital, And
Circulating Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Section XLV.—How It Originates. . . . 182
Chapter II. Co-Operation Of The Factors. . . . . . . . 187
Section XLVI. The Productive Coöperation Of
The Three Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Section XLVII. Productive Co-Operation Of The
Three Factors. The Three Great Periods
Of A Nation's Economy. . . . . . . . . . 188
Section XLVIII. Critical History Of The Idea Of
Productiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Section XLIX. Critical History Of The Idea Of—The Doctrine Of The
Physiocrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Section L. The Same Subject Continued. . . . . . 198 LI. The Same . . . . 201
Section LII. Idea Of Productiveness. . . . . . . . 202 LIII. The Same Subject Continued. . . . 204vi Principles Of Political Economy
Section LIV. Importance Of A Due Proportion In
The Different Branches Of Productiveness.205
Section LV. The Degree Of Productiveness. . . . 210
Chapter III. The Organization Of Labor. . . . . . . . . 212
Section LVI. Development Of The Division Of
Labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Section LVII. Development Of The Division Of
Labor.—Its Extent At Different Periods. . 213
Section LVIII. Advantages Of The Division Of
Labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Section LIX. Conditions Of The Division Of Labor.218 LX. Influence Of The Extent Of The
Market On The Division Of Labor. . . . 219
Section LXI. The Division Of Labor—Means Of
Increasing It. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Section LXII. The Reverse, Or Dark Side Of The
Division Of Labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Section LXIII. Dark Side Of The Division Of
Labor.—Its Gain And Loss. . . . . . . . 227
Section LXIV. The Co-Operation Of Labor. . . . 230 LXV. The Principle Of Stability, Or Of
The Continuity Of Work. . . . . . . . . . 231
Section LXVI. Advantage Of Large Enterprises. . 233
Chapter IV. Freedom And Slavery. . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Section LXVII. The Origin Of Slavery. . . . . . 239 LXVIII. The Same Subject Continued. . 241
Section LXIX. Origin Of Slavery.—Want Of
Freedom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Section LXX. Emancipation. . . . . . . . . . . . 244 LXXI. Disadvantages Of Slavery. . . . . 247
Section LXXII. Effect Of An Advance In
Civilization On Slavery. . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Section LXXIII. The Same Subject Continued. . 252 LXXIV. The Same . 258vii
Section LXXV. The Same Subject Continued. . . 259 LXXVI. (Appendix To Chapter IV.) The
Domestic Servant System. . . . . . . . . 262
Chapter V. Community Of Goods And Private
Property. Capital—Property. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Section LXXVII. Capital.—Importance Of
Private Property. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Section LXXVIII. Socialism And Communism. . 270 LXXIX. And Communism.
(Continued.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Section LXXX. Socialism And Communism.
(Continued.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Section LXXXI. Community Of Goods. . . . . . 283 LXXXII. The Organization Of Labor. . . 289
Section LXXXIII. The Of Labor.
(Continued.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Section LXXXIV. The Organization Of Labor.
(Continued.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Section LXXXV. The Right Of Inheritance. . . . 298 LXXXVI. Economic Utility Of The
Right Of Inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Section LXXXVII. Landed Property. . . . . . . . 302 LXXXVIII. (Continued.)304
Chapter VI. Credit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Section LXXXIX. Credit In General. . . . . . . . 309 XC. Credit—Effects Of Credit. . . . . . 312
Section XCI. Debtor Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 XCII. History Of Credit Laws. . . . . . . 319
Section XCIII. Means Of Promoting Credit. . . . 322 XCIV. Letters Of Respite
(Specialmoratorien). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Book II. The Circulation Of Goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Chapter I. In General. . . . . . . . . . . . . 332viii Principles Of Political Economy
Section XCV. Meaning Of The Circulation Of
Goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Section XCVI. Rapidity Of Circulation. . . . . . 335 XCVII. Freedom Of Competition. . . . . 337
Section XCVIII. How Goods Are Paid For.—The
Rent For Goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Section XCIX. Freedom Of Competition And
International Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Chapter II. Prices . . . . . . . . . . . .