Complex analysis of the influence of glazing on energy demand of public buildings ; Įstiklinimo įtakos viešųjų pastatų energijos poreikiams kompleksinė analizė

Violeta Carpentier

Description

VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Violeta MOTUZIENĖ COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF GLAZING ON ENERGY DEMAND OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES, ENERGETICS AND POWER ENGINEERING (06T) Vilnius 2010 Doctoral dissertation was prepared at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University in 2005–2010. Scientific Supervisor Prof Dr Egidijus Saulius JUODIS (Vilnius Gediminas Technical Univer-sity, Technological Sciences, Energetics and Power Engineering – 06T). The dissertation is being defended at the Council of Scientific Field of Energetics and Power Engineering at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University: Chairman Prof Dr Habil Vytautas MARTINAITIS (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Energetics and Power Engineering – 06T). Members: Assoc Prof Dr Jurgita ANTUCHEVIČIENĖ (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Civil Engineering – 02T), Prof Dr Habil Vladislovas Algirdas KATINAS (Lithuanian Energy Ins-titute, Technological Sciences, Energetics and Power Engineering – 06T), Prof Dr Habil Stasys ŠINKŪNAS (Kaunas University of Technology, Technological Sciences, Energetics and Power Engineering – 06T), Prof Dr Habil Edmundas Kazimieras ZAVADSKAS (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Civil Engineering – 02T).

Sujets

• Glazing
• Office
• Primary energy
• Simulation

Informations

• Publié par: vilnius_gediminas_technical_university
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 46

Extrait

VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Violeta MOTUZIEN

COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF GLAZING ON ENERGY DEMAND OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION

TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES, ENERGETICS AND POWER ENGINEERING (06T)

Vilnius

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 2010

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Doctoral dissertation was prepared at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University in 2005–2010. Scientific Supervisor Prof Dr Egidijus Saulius JUODIS(Vilnius Gediminas Technical Univer- sity, Technological Sciences, Energetics and Power Engineering – 06T). The dissertation is being defended at the Council of Scientific Field of Energetics and Power Engineering at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University: Chairman Prof Dr Habil Vytautas MARTINAITIS Gediminas Technical (Vilnius University, Technological Sciences, Energetics and Power Engineering – 06T).  Members: Assoc Prof Dr Jurgita ANTUCHEVIIEN  (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Civil Engineering – 02T), Prof Dr Habil Vladislovas Algirdas KATINAS(Lithuanian Energy Ins- titute, Technological Sciences, Energetics and Power Engineering – 06T), Prof Dr Habil Stasys ŠINKNAS University of Technology, (Kaunas Technological Sciences, Energetics and Power Engineering – 06T), Prof Dr Habil Edmundas Kazimieras ZAVADSKAS(Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Civil Engineering – 02T). Opponents: Prof Dr Habil Rimantas KAIANAUSKAS(Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Energetics and Power Engineering – 06T), Prof Dr Habil Vytautas STANKEVIIUS(Kaunas University of Technology, Technological Sciences, Civil Engineering – 02T).  The dissertation will be defended at the public meeting of the Council of Scientific Field of Energetics and Power Engineering in the Senate Hall of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University at 10 a. m. on 6 December 2010. Address: Saultekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania. Tel.: [phone]; fax [phone]; e-mail: [e-mail] The summary of the doctoral dissertation was  distributed on 5 November 2010. A copy of the doctoral dissertation is available for review at the Library of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (Saultekio al. 14, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania). © Violeta Motuzien, 2010

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VILNIAUS GEDIMINO TECHNIKOS UNIVERSITETAS

Violeta MOTUZIEN

STIKLINIMOTAKOS VIEŠJPASTAT  ENERGIJOS POREIKIAMS KOMPLEKSINANALIZ 

DAKTARO DISERTACIJOS SANTRAUKA

TECHNOLOGIJOS MOKSLAI, ENERGETIKA IR TERMOINŽINERIJA (06T)

Vilnius

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 2010

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 Disertacija  rengta  2005–2010  metais  Vilniaus  Gedimino  technikos universitete. Mokslinis vadovas prof. dr. Egidijus Saulius JUODIS (Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, technologijos mokslai, energetika ir termoinžinerija – 06T). Disertacija ginama Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Energetikos ir termoinžinerijos mokslo krypties taryboje: Pirmininkas prof. habil. dr. Vytautas MARTINAITIS(Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, technologijos mokslai, energetika ir termoinžinerija – 06T).  Nariai: doc. dr. Jurgita ANTUCHEVIIEN Gedimino technikos (Vilniaus universitetas, technologijos mokslai, statybos inžinerija – 02T),  prof. habil. dr. Vladislovas Algirdas KATINAS(Lietuvos energetikos institutas, technologijos mokslai, energetika ir termoinžinerija – 06T), prof. habil. dr. Stasys ŠINKNAS technologijos universitetas, (Kauno technologijos mokslai, energetika ir termoinžinerija – 06T),  prof. habil. dr. Edmundas Kazimieras ZAVADSKAS(Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, technologijos mokslai, statybos inžinerija – 02T). Oponentai: prof. habil. dr. Rimantas KAIANAUSKAS(Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, technologijos mokslai, energetika ir termoinžinerija – 06T), prof. habil. dr. Vytautas STANKEVIIUS(Kauno technologijos universitetas, technologijos mokslai, statybos inžinerija – 02T).  Disertacija bus ginama viešame Energetikos ir termoinžinerijos mokslo krypties tarybos posdyje 2010 m. gruodžio 6 d. 10 val. Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto senato posdžisalje. Adresas: Saultekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lietuva. Tel.: [phone]; faksas (8 5) 270 0112; el. paštas [e-mail] Disertacijos santrauka išsiuntinta 2010 m. lapkriio 5 d. Disertacij perži galimarti Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto bibliotekoje (Saultekio al. 14, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lietuva). VGTU leidyklos „Technika“ 1819-M mokslo literatros knyga.  © Violeta Motuzien, 2010

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Introduction  Topicality of the problem. Although it is pursued to decrease energy consumption, both in European Union (EU) and Lithuania it has still been increasing (Bertoldi and Atanuosiu 2007). Buildings remain one of the main consumers, responsible for 40 % of the whole final energy consumed. Building’s energy efficiency has already been significantly determined at an early design stage of an architectural-constructive part. Solutions made at this stage basically determine the building’s environmental performance during its entire life cycle. One of the essential elements of the building, responsible for energy consumption, thermal, visual, acoustical and psychological comfort is window. There are researches in the field of the optimization of windows’ characteristics performed by Franzettiet al. Gratia and De Herde (2004), (2003), Ghisi and Tinker (2005), Peredniset al. (20070, Poirazis (2005), Bülow-Hübe (2001) and etc., but results and recommendations of these researches are not always coincident because they analyze one or a few buildings in a particular climate. Besides, just a few of these researchers consider not just building constructions, but also building services and their reversible connection. The analysis of building’s elements and energy consumption separately is beneficial, but new modern building energy analysis tools enable to move to a qualitatively new stage – the complex analysis of the interaction between building and its systems, when all energy demands, influenced by an analyzed decision, can be evaluated. Meanwhile, constructors and architects need concrete recommendations concerning proportions of external elements of the energy efficient building. These recommendations depend on the climate conditions while both in Lithuania and neighbouring countries there are no standards or recommendations concerning fenestration of the public building, taking into account daylighting (DL) and their complex influence on building’s energy demand. Researches of the glazing characteristics are also very important implementing provisions of directive on the energy performance of buildings (2010/31/EB). The revised directive requires Member States to establish minimal energy efficiency requirements and prepare national plans for increasing the number of almost zero energy buildings. Meanwhile, Lithuania and its neighbouring countries still have no definition even for low energy building. Pursuing to implement requirements of the directive, it is necessary to create a clear strategy and a coherent legislation system. Accordingly, there is a need for the building energy efficiency research for a certain climate.

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The object of researchthe research is influence of the. The object of glazing of the public building on its energy demand.  The aim and tasks of the work. The aim of this work is to perform the complex analysis of the influence of glazing characteristics on the building’s microclimate and lighting systems energy demand, taking into account daylighting demand. Also define, what glazing characteristics in Lithuania and similar climate countries, are able to decrease buildings energy demand to the level of the low energy building. The tasks of the work are: 1.  To analyse up to date researches, recommendations and legislations, related to glazing characteristics of the public building and estimate their application in Lithuanian and similar climate conditions. 2.  To compare methods, used for complex building energy demand simulations and to select the most relevant to reach the aim of this work. To perform the analysis of the application of simulation tools for this thesis and empirically estimate precision of the selected tool. 3.  To create model of the typical room of the public building and perform simulations for different glazing alternatives of the facade. To process simulation results and perform the detailed analysis of the influence of glazing characteristics on separate and overall energy demand of the public building. 4.  To give recommendations in terms of energy and daylighting efficient glazing characteristics of the public building and their significance in the increasing of the number of low energy buildings. To create a simplified algorithm for the selection of glazing characteristics for the low energy public building.  Methodology of research. In this work, influence of the building’s glazing characteristics on primary energy demand is evaluated in a complex way, performing simulations of the annual energy demand sub hourly. Simulations were performed by a simulation program EnergyPlus, which is based on the response function method. The influence of the input data on the final results is estimated using the sensitivity analysis. Also, to perform simulations, the DesignBuilder program has been used. The output data of this program are processed and analyzed using MS Excel.  Scientific novelty.In this work, first time in Lithuania and the countries of the similar climate, performing dynamic energy simulations sub hourly during the year, microclimate and lighting systems’ primary energy (PE) demand is analysed in a complex way. Also, this is the first time when recommendations

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for in terms of energy and daylighting efficient fenestration and orientation have been given.  Practical value.  The performed analysis of the influence of glazing characteristics on the public building’s energy demand allows already at an early design stage of architectural-constructive part to make efficient decisions in terms of energy and daylighting with low or without surplus investments.  Defended propositions  1.  The most efficient fenestration of the conditioned public building in terms of its annual overall primary energy demand is smaller than the one needed to satisfy requirements of the hygienic norms for daylighting. Thus, fenestration is efficient both in terms of energy and daylighting, when it satisfies minimal requirements of the hygienic norms. 2.  In Lithuania and other countries of similar climate, if solar shading devices are not applied, the most efficient conditioned public building’s orientation of the glazed facade in terms of energy is the north, and when the solar shading devices with the automatic control are applied – the south. 3.  In Lithuania annual primary energy demand of microclimate and lighting systems in low energy office building should not exceed 2 160 kWh PE /m f . 4.  The created algorithm for the selection of the glazing of low energy public building already in the early design stage of the building enables to select both in terms of energy and daylighting efficient glazing characteristics without performance of the time consuming simulations.  The scope of the scientific work. The scientific work consists of the general characteristic of the dissertation, 4 chapters, conclusions, the literature reference and the addenda. Chapter 1 revises literature related to the topic of the dissertation. Chaper 2 describes the selection of the most relevant method for the dissertation. Chapter 3 describes creation of the model of the analysed building. Chapter 4 presents analysis of the simulation results. The total volume of the dissertation – 140 pages, 72 pictures and 12 tables.  1. Importance of the glazing and survey of research works  The literature review has showed that glazing is an important element of the building and a weak part in terms of energy. Early design stage decisions

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concerning glazing also make meaningful influence on building’s environmental efficiency during its life cycle. However, we should not forget that the main function of the glazing is daylighting. Thus, when selecting a glazing, a balance between energy efficiency and DL must be found. There are many researches performed worldwide, concerning the energy efficiency of the glazing or exploitation of DL, but just a few of these studies analyse the influence of the glazing on the building’s energy demand in its microclimate and lighting systems in a complex way and there are no studies with an integration of DL to such complex analysis. Besides, most of works analyse one or a few buildings in certain climate conditions, thus results cannot be applied universally. According to the requirements set in the United Kingdom (UK) and Netherlands, a presumption was made that maximum PE energy consumption for low energy offices in Lithuania could also be approximately 160 kWh PE /m f 2 .  2. Methods for assessment of building‘s energy demand  Building is a complicated system with many interacting processes. Therefore, simplified methods, used in the engineering practice, are not always able to evaluate these interactions. Integrated building simulation methods are in this case more suitable. These methods can be divided into two groups: analytical and numerical (see Fig. 1). Despite the fact that both of these method groups have their advantages and disadvantages, both are suitable for the building energy performance assessment.  INTEGRATED BUILDING ENERGY SIMULATION METHODS

ANALYTICAL METHODS NUMERICAL METHODS

Frequency response function Finite volume Finite element

Time response function  Finite difference  Fig. 1.Most common methods used in building’s energy simulation  After the performance of the comparison of the five most commonly used simulation programs, EnergyPlus, which is based on response function method, was selected as the most suitable for this work. Despite the fact that the program had been tested many times, seeking to avoid user’s mistakes, it was tested empirically once more by the author of the dissertation. Despite that

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weather data used for simulations and actual ones differ, the error between the actual and simulated energy consumption for heating and cooling has not exceeded the allowed one by LST EN 15236:2007 (15 %). This has enabled to use EnergyPlus for further simulations.  3. Creation of the theoretical model of the building  Each building is different and it is impossible to perform analysis of one particular building and apply its results universally to other buildings. Therefore, for further calculations, the rectangular shape building, which does not reflect any specific building, was created (Fig. 2). The assumptions were made that the solar heat gains through the roof are insignificant compared to the solar heat that gains through the windows and the building is wide insomuch that glazing of separate facades has just one orientation. This enables to discern one office room as a typical one related to the heat regime in a certain orientation facade. 

3 m

15 m2

 Fig. 2.typical floor and typical office of the analyzed buildingPlan of the  Creation of the rooms model (geometry, constructions, occupation, comfort conditions, HVAC and lighting systems, their characteristics and operation schedules) in DesignBuilder program enables to perform further simulations with EnergyPlus. Constructions.Analysed building is made of lightweight constructions. Its heat transmittance equals 0.243 W/m 2 K, assumed outside air infiltration is -1 0.2 h . Since the analysed element is a typical office room, it is assumed that other rooms have the same heat regime and there is no heat exchange between them, i.e. internal partitions are adiabatic. HVAC. During the working hours, microclimate (HVAC) systems maintain: for warm season – 24 ºC; for cold season – 21 ºC. For unoccupied hours: during the heating season, heating system maintains 18 ºC and cooling system is always off. Minimal supply of the fresh air is 10 l/s per person. Ventilation system has heat recovery unit with 70 % efficiency. Heating system

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– with local heating devices, heat generator – gas fired boiler with 94 %  efficiency, the coefficient of performance (COP) of the air cooled chiller – 2.5. Occupation. computer equipment and lighting systems have Occupants, the same activity schedules typical for offices – weekdays from 8:00 to 17:00. The room has two occupants. Lighting. The assumed lighting level – 500 lx, selected efficient lighting system with linear control according to the fixed lighting level and the specific lamp power – 3 W/m 2 /100 lx. Office equipment.The office equipment internal gains are 4 W/m 2 . Glazing.From the point of view of energy, the main characteristics of the glazing, next to fenestration and orientation are: heat transmittanceU, solar heat gain coefficientg light transmittance and 1 . They in general depend on the window construction and type of glass used. To analyse glazing influence on building’s energy demand, 5 glazing types with different characteristics were selected (Table 1.).  Table 1.Characteristics of the analyzed glazing Glazing No.U, W/m 2 K 1 g 1 /g 1. 1.614 0.753 0.725 1.04 2. 1.437 0.788 0.619 1.27 3. 1.436 0.593 0.464 1.28 4. 1.384 0.598 0.343 1.74 5. 1.383 0.739 0.428 1.73 Note: further glazing type will be defined by number (No. 1, No. 2, etc.).  Efficiency of the glazing both in terms of energy and DL is characterized by 1 /g. When this relation is less than 1, glazing does not ensure sufficient DL and if relation is more than 1.55, such glazing is considered as very efficient. In offices with continuous work, adequate visual comfort must be provided. One of important factors, influencing visual comfort, is daylight. The calculation methodology of the minimal fenestration, which satisfies hygiene norms requirements for DL, is established in Lithuanian standard STR 2.05.20:2006. Minimal required window-to-wall ratio (WWR) calculated according to the standard for analysed room, depending on orientation and coefficient 1 , varies between 59 % and 86 %. These WWR values are used for further calculations as fenestration alternatives.  4. Analysis of the simulation results  Constructed model is simulated with different glazing alternatives, changing the following glazing characteristics: area, orientation and glazing

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 type. In total 100 alternatives are simulated. The model is programmed to calculate energy demand for heating, cooling, ventilation and auxiliary energy used to power HVAC systems pumps and fans. The energy used to heat or cool air supplied by ventilation system, is assigned accordingly to heating or cooling energy demand. Often, in similar analysis, the fact, that energy in form of heat and in form of electricity is of different quality and it is in principle incorrect to sum up them directly, is not evaluated. Therefore, in this analysis energy demands of different systems are converted to the PE. The assumed PE factor for electricity is 3 and for heat – 1.12. The analysis of the solar heat gains through glazing was performed. Energy demands for heating, cooling, lighting, fans and pumps were analyzed separately as well as required heating and cooling loads. However, pursuing to identify efficient characteristics of the glazing, the analysis of the overall PE demand has to be performed (see Fig. 3).  700 South 700 North No. 1  600  No. 1 600 No.  2  No. 2 500 No. 3  500  No. 3 400 No. 4  400  No. 4 No. 5  No. 5 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100  0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 WWR, % WWR, %  700 East West 700 600 N N o o . .   1 2 600 No.1 No. 2 500 No.  3  500  No. 3 400 No. 4  400  No. 4 No. 5  No. 5 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100  0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 WWR, %  WWR, %  Fig. 3.PE demand for the facades with different orientationOverall annual  Calculations showed that for each orientation and glazing type, dependency of the energy demand on fenestration is analogical: with the rise of 11