Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia) [Elektronische Ressource] : osteology, myology and function / von Kristian Remes

Kristian Remes

Informations

• Publié par: ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 31
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 14 Mo

Extrait

EVOLUTION OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND FORELIMB IN
SAUROPODOMORPHA (DINOSAURIA, SAURISCHIA):
OSTEOLOGY, MYOLOGY AND FUNCTION





von
Dipl.-Geol. Kristian Remes











Dissertation der Fakultät für Geowissenschaften

der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.)





Eingereicht zur Beurteilung am 06.12.2007


Betreuer: PD Dr. Oliver Rauhut,
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Martin Sander,
Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
Bonn

Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 21.04.2008


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REMES Sauropodomorph forelimb evolution 5
0 Contents

0 Contents __________________________________________________ 5
Anatomical abbreviations 9
Institutional abbreviations 12
1 Introduction ______________________________________________ 14
2 Material and Methods ______________________________________ 24
3 A review of archosaurian forelimb musculature:
The fundament for reconstructions in extinct taxa _______________ 34
Introduction 34
General theoretical aspects of phylogenetic inference of musculature 35
Variation and the choice of extant sample taxa 37
Archosaurian forelimb myology 39
I. Cingulo-axial muscles 41
1. M. cucullaris (C) 41
2. M. rhomboideus (R) 43
3. M. levator scapulae (LS) 45
4. M. serratus superficialis (SS) 47
5. M. serratus profundus (SP) 50
6. M. costocoracoideus (CC) 52
7. M. sternocoracoideus (StC) 54
II. Humeral muscles 56
8. M. deltoideus scapularis (DS) 56
9. M. deltoideus clavicularis (DC) 57
10. M. coracobrachialis (CB) 61
11. M. supracoracoideus (SC) 63
12. M. pectoralis (P) 66
13. M. latissimus dorsi (LD) 69
14. M. teres major (TM) 71
15. Mm. scapulohumerales (SH) 73
16. M. subcoracoscapularis (SCS) 75
III. Antebrachial muscles 79
17. M. triceps brachii (TB) 79
18. M. biceps brachii (BB) 84
19. M. humeroradialis (HR) 87
20. M. brachialis (B) 88
21. M. supinator (S) 91 6 Sauropodomorph forelimb evolution REMES

22. M. abductor radialis (AR) 92
23. M. ectepicondylo-ulnaris (EctU) 94
24. M. pronator teres (PT) 95
25. M. entepicondylo-ulnaris (EntU) 98
26. M. pronator quadratus (PQ) 99
IV. Manual muscles 101
a) Antebrachial musculature acting on the hand 101
27. M. extensor carpi radialis (ECR) 102
28. M. extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) 103
29. M. supinator manus (SM) 106
30. M. extensor digitorum communis (EDC) 108
31. M. flexor carpi radialis (FCR) 110
32. M. flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) 111
33. M. flexor digitorum longus (FDL) 112
b) Intrinsic musculature of the hand 115
34. Mm. extensores digitorum superficiales (EDS) 115
35. Mm. extensores digitorum profundi (EDP) 118
36. M. abductor pollicis brevis (APB) 120
37. M. abductor digiti V (AD5) 121
38. Mm. flexores digitorum superficiales (FDS) 121
39. M. flexor pollicis brevis (FPB) 123
40. M. flexor digiti V (FD5) 125
41. Mm. lumbricales (L) 127
42. Mm. flexores digitorum profundi (FDP) 128
43. Mm. interossei (I) 130
Conclusions 131
4 Forelimb anatomy of basal archosaurs and ornithodirans:
Facts and Fictions _______________________________________ 133
Introduction 133
Data quality 133
Anatomy 137
Basal Archosauria: Euparkeria capensis 137
Basal Dinosauriformes: Lewisuchus admixtus 143
Comments on other forms 146
Muscle reconstructions 148
Euparkeria 149
Lewisuchus 153
Discussion 154
Conclusions 159 REMES Sauropodomorph forelimb evolution 7
5 Structure and function of the forelimb in basal saurischians
and early theropods _______________________________________ 161
Introduction 161
Anatomy 163
Basal saurischians 163
Basal theropods 177
Basal ornithischians 181
Muscle reconstructions 183
Discussion 194
Shoulder region 194
Arm 195
Manus 199
Body proportions 201
Conclusions 203
6 The pectoral girdle and forelimb of basal sauropodomorphs:
Anatomy and functional interpretation _______________________ 204
Introduction 204
Anatomy 206
Saturnalia tupiniquim 206
Other basal sauropodomorphs 209
Muscle reconstructions 215
Saturnalia 215
Efraasia 218
Discussion 220
Conclusions 223
7 ‘Prosauropod’ forelimb anatomy and the transition to Sauropoda _ 224
Introduction 224
Anatomy 226
Non-sauropod sauropodomorphs 227
Antetonitrus ingenipes and other stem-sauropods 236
Muscle reconstructions 243
Discussion 246
Osteology and bauplan 246
Myology 252
Conclusions 255 8 Sauropodomorph forelimb evolution REMES

8 Functional morphology of the pectoral girdle and forelimb
in basal sauropods _______________________________________ 257
Introduction 257
Data quality 258
Anatomy 264
Patagosaurus and other non-mamenchisaurid basal sauropods 264
Mamenchisauridae 275
Muscle reconstructions 276
Discussion 281
Osteology and bauplan 281
Myology 287
Conclusions 291
9 Forelimb evolution in sauropodomorphs:
Combining functional morphology and phylogeny ____________ 293
Introduction 293
Phylogeny 293
Evolutionary transformations 297
Pectoral girdle 297
Humerus 304
Elbow joint 308
Antebrachium 313
Manus 313
Conclusions 316
10 Summary _______________________________________________ 320
Acknowledgements 322
11 Bibliography_____________________________________________ 323
Appendix: Myological overview _______________________________ 349
Lebenslauf (Curriculum vitae)__________________________________ 353
REMES Sauropodomorph forelimb evolution 9

Anatomical abbreviations


Osteology
ac accessory distal condyles on fcm craniomedial fossa of coracoid
humerus fmc facet for M. cucullaris
acr acromion fmcb fossa for M. coracobrachialis
adp apex of deltopectoral crest (brevis)
ar acromial ridge fmdc facet for M. deltoideus
ambb attachment of M. biceps clavicularis
brachii fmds fossa for M. deltoideus
ameu attachment of M. scapularis
entepicondylo-ulnaris fmeu facet for M. ectepicondylo-
amhr attachment of M. ulnaris
humeroradialis fmfdl facet for origin of M. flexor
amsc attachment of M. supracora- digitorum longus
coideus fmfdp fossa for M. flexor digitorum
amtb attachment of M. triceps profundus
brachii fmpq fossa for M. pronator
amtbc attachment of coracoidal quadratus
anchor of M. triceps brachii fmsc fossa for M. supracoracoideus
caput coracoscapulare (pars scapularis)
bt biceps tubercle on coracoid fmscs fossa for M. subcoracoideus
ccl contact for clavicle fmsh fossa(e) for M.
cdp caudodistal process on scapulohumeralis
scapula fmsm facet for M. supinator manus
cdr distal condyle of radius fmsp facet for M. serratus profundus
cdu distal condyle of ulna fmss facet for M. serratus
ce centrale superficialis
cf caudal flange on scapular fmssc facet for M. subscapularis
blade fmtbh facet(s) for M. triceps brachii
chr humeral cotyle of radius capiti humerales mediales
chu humeral cotyle of ulna fmtbhm facet for M. triceps brachii
cid caudal intercondylar caput humerale mediale
depression fr radial fossa on ulna
cl clavicle ft flexor tubercle
cne centrale fvm ventromedial fossa of coracoid
co coracoid gl glenoid cavity
cocp caudal process of coracoid h humerus
cof coracoid foramen hh humeral head
cp cranial process of ulna hlt lateral tubercle of humerus
cpt caudoproximal tubercle of hmt medial tuberosity of humerus
radius hrc radial condyle of humerus
crdt craniodistal tubercle of radius huc ulnar condyle of humerus
crp craniodistal process on i intermedium
scapula icb impressio m. coracobrachialis
crr cranial ridge on radius icl interclavicle
dc distal carpal(s) imr intermuscular ridge(s)
dcr dorsocranial ridge on lepc ectepicondyle
humerus lfmc lateral flange(s) of
de distal expansion of scapula metacarpal(s)
did dorsal intercondylar lp lateral process of ulna
depression m manus
dp deltopectoral crest mc metacarpal
drc distal radial condyle mcdc metacarpal distal condyles
ep extensor pit(s) mcep metacarpal extensor pit(s)
et extensor tubercle(s) mclp metacarpal ligament pit(s)
fc caudal facet on ulna mepc entepicondyle
ol olecranon process 10 Sauropodomorph forelimb evolution REMES

pcs processus sternocoracoidei
ph phalanx, phalanges
plp phalangeal ligament pit(s)
pi pisiform
pua proximal ulnar articular facet
of radius
r radius
rae radiale
rcp radial caudoproximal process
rcr r