Functional dissociation between visual and spatial temporary maintenance [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Zengmei Zhao

Zhao Zhong

Sujets

• Psychologie

Informations

• Publié par: albert-ludwigs-universitat_freiburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2005
• Nombre de lectures: 9
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Functional Dissociation between Visual and
Spatial Temporary Maintenance



Inaugural-Dissertation
zur
Erlangung der Doktorwürde

der Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br.



vorgelegt von

Zengmei Zhao
aus Shandong, VR China

WS 2004/2005










Dekan: Prof. Dr. Hans Spada


Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Karl Christoph Klauer


Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans Spada








Tag der mündlichen Prüfung:

15. Dezember 2004

Acknowledgments


This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of many people and
institutions throughout the last four years. First and foremost, I am grateful to my advisor Prof.
Dr. Karl Christoph Klauer for his excellent guidance and advice on doing research and for his
continuous encouragement during the writing of the dissertation. I also want to thank Prof. Dr.
Hans Spada for his careful reading and comments on this doctoral thesis. At the same time, I
would like to thank my colleagues at the University of Bonn and the University of Freiburg. It
has been a great pleasure for me to work with them.

During a large part of this work, I was supported by the Catholic Academic Exchange Service
(KAAD) through a Scholarship Program II. I am especially grateful for this valuable support.

Finally, I give the greatest thanks to my family – my parents, my parents-in-law, my husband,
and my daughter – for their love!




Zengmei Zhao

Freiburg, November 2004


Contents III


Contents


Acknowledgments ...............................................................................II

1. Introduction.......................................................................................1

2. Terminological and Methodological Notes.......................................5
2.1 From Short-term Memory to Working Memory......................................... 5
2.1.1 Multiple-systems Human Memory ........................................................................ 5
2.1.2 Unitary Short-term Memory .................................................................................. 9
2.1.3 Multi-component Working Memory ................................................................... 10
2.2 Dissociation of Visual and Spatial Information........................................ 19
2.2.1 Separation of Object Vision and Spatial Vision .................................................. 20
2.2.2 Dissociation of Visual and Spatial Information................................................... 21
2.3 Dual-task Interference Methodology ........................................................ 22
2.3.1 Dual-task Paradigm and Double Dissociation..................................................... 22
2.3.2 Alternative Interpretations to Double Dissociation ............................................. 23

3. Theories and Findings of Visuo-spatial Working Memory ............29
3.1 Evidence for an Independent Visuo-spatial Working Memory ................ 29
3.1.1 Functional Distinction between Visuo-spatial and Verbal Working Memory .... 29
3.1.2 Specific Phenomena of Visuo-spatial Working Memory.................................... 31
3.1.3 Neuropsychological Evidence for the Visuo-spatial Working Memory ............. 35 IV Contents
3.2 Functional Dissociation of Visual and Spatial Working Memory............ 37
3.2.1 Visual versus Spatial Dissociations in Behavioral Research ...............................38
3.2.2 Visual versus Spatial Dissociations in Developmental Research ........................45
3.2.3 Visual versus Spatial Dissociations in Neuropsychological Research.................46
3.3 Alternative Interpretations to Visual versus Spatial Separation ............... 50
3.3.1 Double Dissociations Related to a Unitary Visuo-spatial System .......................51
3.3.2 Double Dissociations Related to Multiple Cognitive Systems ............................57

4. Hypotheses of the Present Research .............................................. 69
4.1 Basic Specifications of Visual and Spatial Working Memory ................. 69
4.1.1 Mental Imagery and the Visuo-spatial Working Memory ...................................70
4.1.2 Visual and Spatial Manipulations ........................................................................72
4.1.3 Rehearsal Processes in Visuo-spatial Working Memory .....................................73
4.2 Basic Requirements for used Visual and Spatial Tasks............................ 76
4.2.1 Visual and Spatial Item Maintenance Tasks ........................................................77
4.2.2 Concurrent Passive and Active Interference Tasks..............................................79
4.2.3 Tresch, Sinnamon, and Seamon’s (1993) Study as Start Point............................80
4.3 Visual versus Spatial Dissociation Hypotheses ........................................ 82

5. Studies of the Present Work........................................................... 85
5.1 Pilot Study ................................................................................................. 85
5.1.1 Method .................................................................................................................85
5.1.2 Results ..................................................................................................................90
5.1.3 Discussion ............................................................................................................94
5.2 Experiment 1: Comparably Constructed Memory Tasks.......................... 99
5.2.1 Method ...............................................................................................................100
5.2.2 Results ................................................................................................................102
5.2.3 Discussion ..........................................................................................................106 Contents V
5.3 Experiment 2: Consolidation into Working Memory ............................. 111
5.3.1 Method............................................................................................................... 113
5.3.2 Results................................................................................................................ 114
5.3.3 Discussion.......................................................................................................... 118
5.4 Experiment 3: Stimuli-similarity-based Interference.............................. 121
5.4.1 Method 124
5.4.2 Results 126
5.4.3 Discussion.......................................................................................................... 130
5.5 Experiment 4: Long-Term Memory Involvement .................................. 133
5.5.1 Method............................................................................................................... 136
5.5.2 Results................................................................................................................ 138
5.5.3 Discussion.......................................................................................................... 140
5.6 Experiment 5: Active versus Passive Interference.................................. 145
5.6.1 Method 149
5.6.2 Results 152
5.6.3 Discussion.......................................................................................................... 157
5.7 Experiment 6: Random Number Generation .......................................... 159
5.7.1 Method............................................................................................................... 161
5.7.2 Results................................................................................................................ 162
5.7.3 Discussion.......................................................................................................... 164

6. Conclusion and General Discussion .............................................169
6.1 Hypotheses of the Present Work............................................................. 169
6.2 Visual versus Spatial Double Dissociations ........................................... 172
6.3 Specifications of Visual and Spatial Working Memory ......................... 181

Reference ..........................................................................................189
VI Contents

Chapter 1 – Introduction 1

1. Introduction

In the performing of many everyday tasks, we need to temporarily maintain or even
manipulate the just obtained information about the visual-spatial layout of scenes and/or about
the visual-spatial properties (e.g., color, shape, location, movement direction and trajectory,
etc.) of objects staying therein. For example, when driving a car through downtown or trying
to park it in a narrow parking lot at rush hour, it is necessary for the dri