Novel process synthesis in ultra high temperature plants [Elektronische Ressource] / Rainer Benning

Benning

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2003
• Nombre de lectures: 40
• Langue: Deutsch

Extrait

Lehrstuhl für Fluidmechanik und Prozessautomation der Technischen
Universität München






Novel Process Synthesis in Ultra High
Temperature Plants




Rainer Benning




Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für
Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung
des akademischen Grades eines



Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.)


genehmigten Dissertation.



Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat. K.-H. Engel

Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr.Ing. habil. A. Delgado
2. Prof. P. J. Fryer, Ph.D. / University of Birmingham / UK
(schriftliche Beurteilung)
3. Univ.-Prof. Dr.agr., Dr.agr. habil., Dr.h.c. K. Guthy


Die Dissertation wurde am 3.04.2003 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht
und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung
und Umwelt am 27.06.2003 angenommen.
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
I am especially indebted to my “Doktorvater” Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Delgado for his
help, guidance and support, not only with respect to the work, but also in human
matters.
I also wish to thank PD Dr.-Ing. habil. T. Becker for the many interesting and
useful discussions and especially my collegue in the project, Dipl.-Math. H.
Petermeier, whose enthusiasm and different look upon problems was a great
inspiration.
I gratefully acknowledge the convenient atmosphere, caused by the
friendliness of all people at the “Lehrstuhl für Fluidmechanik und
Prozeßautomation” and the “InformationsTechnologie Weihenstephan”.
Further, I wish to thank Prof. K. Guthy and Prof. P. Fryer for their interest in
my work and for their audit, as well as Prof. Dr. K.-H. Engel for taking the chair of
the examination board.
Special thanks also go to the persons, who supplied necessary and valuable
expert knowledge, namely
- Mr. John Wokke (Friesland Coberco Dairy Foods, Deventer, The
Netherlands),
- Mr. Bert-Ove Bergman (Tetra Pak Dairy & Beverages AB, Lund, Sweden),
- Mr. Klaus Bake (Tetra Pak Aseptik, Glinde, Germany),
- Mr. Antoine Margot (Nestle PTC, Konolfingen, Switzerland), and
- Mr. Jörg Hinrichs (Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany).
Last, but not least, I also wish to thank my parents for their support
throughout these years.

II













Meinen Eltern gewidmet.
For my parents.
III

…
Was man nicht weiß, das eben brauchte man,
Und was man weiß, kann man nicht brauchen.
(Goethe, Faust – Der Tragödie erster Teil)

IV

Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................ II
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................V
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. VII
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG.............................................................................................................................VIII
1 INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM DESCRIPTION.......................................................................... 1
2 STATE OF THE ART............... 4
2.1 SIMULATION APPROACHES .................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 SOME ASPECTS OF SIMULATING FOULING ........................................................................................... 7
2.2.1 Phases of Fouling........................................................................................................................ 7
2.2.2 Salt Precipitation ........................................................................................................................ 8
2.3 FUZZY LOGIC....................................................................................................................................... 8
3 THEORETIC CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................................... 10
3.1 REFERENCE PLANT ............................................................................................................................ 10
3.2 SIMULATION....... 10
3.3 CONSTRAINTS..... 13
3.4 EVALUATION...... 14
4 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................ 15
4.1 INTEGRATION OF FUZZY SYSTEMS 15
4.1.1 General Remarks on Applied Fuzzy Approach.......................................................................... 15
4.1.2 Phase Recognition..................................................................................................................... 16
4.1.3 Surface Characteristics ............................................................................................................. 19
4.1.4 β-Lactoglobulin Deposition ...................................................................................................... 21
4.1.5 Salt Crystallisation.................................................................................................................... 23
4.2 APPLICATION OF VARIOUS PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS................................................................... 24
4.2.1 β-Lactoglobulin Concentration................................................................................................. 24
4.2.1.1 Global Remarks .................................................................................................................... 24
4.2.1.2 Results................................................................................................................................... 24
4.2.2 pH Value ................................................................................................................................... 25
4.2.2.1 Global Remarks... 25
4.2.2.2 Results........... 26
4.2.3 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 29
4.2.3.1 Various β-Lactoglobulin Concentrations.............................................................................. 29
4.2.3.2 Change of Raw Milk pH ....................................................................................................... 30
4.3 STRUCTURAL PROCESS SYNTHESIS.................................................................................................... 31
4.3.1 Preheater and Preholding Section ............................................................................................ 31
4.3.1.1 Functionality and Modification Approaches......................................................................... 31
4.3.1.2 Results of the Change of the Preholding Temperature.......................................................... 32
4.3.1.3 Modification of the Holding Time ................................................................. 36
4.3.1.4 Discussion........ 37
4.3.1.4.1 Remark........................................................................................................................... 37
4.3.1.4.2 Change of Holding Temperature.................................................................................... 38
4.3.1.4.3 of Holding Time................................................................................................ 39
4.3.2 Intermediate Heater III ............................................................................................................. 40
4.3.2.1 Functionality and Modification Approaches......................................................................... 40
4.3.2.2 Change of Surface Area 41
4.3.2.3 Variation of Tube Diameters................................................................................................. 42
V

4.3.2.4 Discussion............................................................................................................................. 44
4.3.3 UHT Heater and UHT Holding Section .................................................................................... 46
4.3.3.1 Functionality and Modification Approaches......................................................................... 46
4.3.3.2 Adjustment of Volume Flow of Heating Medium ................................................................ 46
4.3.3.3 Variation of Tube Diameter .................................................................................................. 48
4.3.3.4 Discussion........ 50
4.3.3.4.1 Volumetric Flow Rates 50
4.3.3.4.2 Tube Diameter ............................................................................................................... 51
5 CASE STUDY: SYNTHESISED CONFIGURATIONS...................................................................... 52
6 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK ....................................................