APPENDIX AAcronyms, Abbreviations, Symbols, and Notation DOEEDXEPRI ICP ICP/MSIEP (or iep)MS-DOS®trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.)A.2Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA OSWEROffice of Radiation and Indoor Air, U.S. EPA ORIAOffice of Remedial and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA OERRNational Water Well Association NWWAU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRCSuperfund National Priorities List NPLMicrosoft® disk operating system (Microsoft and MS-DOS are registerMultimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System MEPASMaximum Contaminant Level MCLLow level radioactive waste LLWLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, U.S. DOE LLNLIsoelectric pointInductively coupled plasma/mass spectroscopyInductively coupled plasmaInternational Atomic Energy Agency IAEAHigh level radioactive waste HLWN-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenedinitrilotriacetic acid HEDTAElectric Power Research InstituteU.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPAEnergy dispersive x-ray analysisEthylenediaminetriacetic acid EDTADiethylenetriaminepentacetic acid DTPA U.S. Department of EnergyDiffuse double layer (adsorption) model DDLM Diffuse (double) layer (adsorption) model DLM Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act CERCLACation exchange capacity CECLaboratory in Athens, GeorgiaCenter for Exposure Assessment Modeling at EPA’s Environmental Research CEAMTrans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane tetra-acetic acid CDTAConstant capacitance ...
Atomic absorption American Standard Code for Information Interchange American Society for Testing and Materials Constant capacitance (adsorption) model Trans1,2diaminocyclohexane tetraacetic acid Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling at EPA’s Environmental Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia Cation exchange capacity Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Diffuse (double) layer (adsorption) model Diffuse double layer (adsorption) model U.S. Department of Energy Diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid Ethylenediaminetriacetic acid Energy dispersive xray analysis U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Electric Power Research Institute N(2hydroxyethyl) ethylenedinitrilotriacetic acid High level radioactive waste International Atomic Energy Agency Inductively coupled plasma Inductively coupled plasma/mass spectroscopy Isoelectric point Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, U.S. DOE Low level radioactive waste Maximum Contaminant Level Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System Microsoft® disk operating system (Microsoft and MSDOS are register trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.) Superfund National Priorities List U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission National Water Well Association Office of Remedial and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA
A.2
PC
PNL
PNNL PZC RCRA SCM SDMP TDS TLM UK UK DoE UNSCEAR
Personal computers operating under the MSDOS® and Microsoft® Windows operating systems (Microsoft® Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.) Pacific Northwest Laboratory. In 1995, DOE formally changed the name of the Pacific Northwest Laboratory to the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, U.S. DOE Point of zero charge Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Surface complexation model NRC’s Site Decommissioning Management Plan Total dissolved solids Triplelayer adsorption model United Kingdom (UK) United Kingdom Department of the Environment United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
A.3
A.2.0 List of Symbols for the Elements and Corresponding Names
Symbol
Ac Ag Al Am Ar As At Au B Ba Be Bi Bk Br C Ca Cb Cd Ce Cf Cl Cm Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Es Eu F Fe Fm Fr Ga
Dispersivity in the x, y, or z direction Capacity factor or ratio of the moles per unit volume of watersaturated solid, Cs, to the moles per unit volume of liquid, Cl Activity coefficient Constrictivity of the porous media Massrelated constant Parameter in DubininRadushkevich isotherm model equal to “RT 1n (1 + 1/Ci)” Firstorder degradation/decay coefficient Volumetric water content Volume fraction of water associated with the mobile domain Total water content Moisture content in the vadose zone Mobility Bulk density Particle density Net charge associated with the surface of adsorbing mineral as conceptualized in electrostatic adsorption models Charge associated with the diffuse layer d of counterions as conceptualized in electrostatic adsorption models Charge associated with the$layer as conceptualized in electrostatic adsorption models Charge associated with the o layer as conceptualized in electrostatic adsorption models Surface charge at the Stern layer Standard deviation associated with the Gaussian solution Tortuosity of the porous media Pore velocity in direction x Porosity Effective porosity Mobile water fraction as defined by the ratio of the volume fraction of water ciated with the2v asso mobile domain,m, to the total water content,2 Electrical potential Potential at the diffuse layer Potential at the surface (planeo) Potential at the Stern layer Concentration of free or unoccupied surface absorption site on a solid phase Adsorption Concentration of adsorbate (or species) I on the solid phase at equilibrium Adsorption capacity of adsorbent per unit mass Amorphous
A.5
aq C C CEC Ci C l C om Cs C T C Tp D D*
Da D e D i DmechDmolDp D x e RF/RT e Eh F f oc G° ªf ,298 ° ªGf ,T ªGr°,298 ªGr°,T 3 H H 1 hmªHf°,298 H° ªf ,T ° ªHr ,298 ªHr°,T I IAP J ix K
K DR
Aqueous Radioactivity of tracer on sediment Constant capacitance term Cation exchange capacity Concentration of adsorbate (or species) I in solution at equilibrium Moles per unit volume of liquid Concentration of organic material Moles per unit volume of watersaturated solid Total mass at the site per total site volume Total mass at the site per dry weight of soil Proportionality constant or diffusion coefficient Dispersion coefficient in the x, y, and z directions adjusted for retardation with the retardation factor Apparent diffusion coefficient Effective diffusion coefficient Intrinsic diffusion coefficient Mechanical dispersion Molecular diffusion coefficient Diffusion coefficient for a species within a porous media Dispersion coefficient in direction x Free electron Boltzmann factor Redox potential of an aqueous system relative to the standard hydrogen electrode Faraday constant, 23,060.9 cal/V∙mol Fraction (w/w) of organic material in soil Gibbs free energy of formation at 298 K Gibbs free energy of formation at temperature T Gibbs free energy of reaction at 298 K Gibbs free energy of reaction at temperature T Tritium Thickness of the vadose zone Mixingzone thickness Enthalpy (or heat) of formation at 298 K Enthalpy (or heat) of formation at temperature T Enthalpy (or heat) of reaction at 298 K Enthalpy (or heat) of reaction at temperature T Ionic strength Ion activity product Flux of species I in direction x A constant in the Langmuir, Freundlich and DubininRadushkevich isotherm models Concentrationbased, conditional equilibrium constant calculated from Dubinin Radushkevich adsorption isotherm
A.6
K d act K d Kdis K ex K F
a ct K F
K L
act KL
K oc K om Kr,298Kr,TK sp,T l M m MA MadsM aq M rel M saturated Msed MTotal Mvadose ml mol mV N n n e pE pH pH zpc R Rf s SI SOH
Concentrationbased partition (or distribution) coefficient Activitybased partition coefficient Dissolution equilibrium constant Exchange reaction constant Concentrationbased, conditional equilibrium constant calculated from Freundlich adsorption isotherm Activitybased, conditional equilibrium constant calculated from Freundlich adsorption isotherm Concentrationbased, conditional equilibrium constant calculated from Langmuir adsorption isotherm Activitybased, conditional equilibrium constant calculated from Langmuir adsorption isotherm Organiccarbon partition coefficient Organicmatter partition coefficient Equilibrium constant at 298 K Equilibrium constant at temperature T Solubility product Liter Generic term for metal or radionuclide constituent Meter Instantaneous mass released per unit area Mass of constituent I associated with the adsorbed phase in the vadose zone Mass of constituent I associated with the aqueous phase in the vadose zone Released mass Total mass of constituent I associated with the saturated zone Sediment mass Total combined mass of constituent I in the vadose and saturated zones Total mass of constituent I associated with the vadose zone Milliliter Mole Millivolt Constant in the Freundlich isotherm model Total porosity Effective porosity Negative common logarithm of the freeelectron activity Negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity pH for zero point of charge Ideal gas constant, 1.9872 cal/mol∙K Retardation factor Solid phase species Saturation index, as defined by log (IAP/Kr,T) Unreacted surface site occupied by a hydroxyl group
A.7
SOH∙M
SO∙M
T T Ft t max tmin t pulse tTt ss
t step TDS VsourceV w v* vc v d vp XGf, YGf, ZGf x y Z z { } [ ]
Used in the nonelectrostatic adsorption models for an adsorption site occupied by component M or surfacebound metal Used in the electrostatic adsorption models for an adsorption site occupied by component M or surfacebound metal Absolute temperature, usually in Kelvin unless otherwise specified Total surface charge for planeo Time End of the breakthrough curve during a column experiment Beginning of the breakthrough curve during a column experiment Mean residence time of a solute during a column experiment for a pulse release Total advective travel time of the contaminant Mean residence time of a solute during a column experiment for a steadystate release Mean residence time for a step input/release Total dissolved solids Volume associated with the contaminated source Volume of water (or adsorbate solution) Contaminant velocity Contaminant velocity Darcy velocity Porewater velocity Green's functions (which are orthogonal) in the x, y, and z directions, respectively Distance in the x direction Offcenterline distance Valence state Charge of ion Activity Concentration