Synthetic and mechanistic prospects of homogeneous gold catalysis [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Sreekumar Pankajakshan

Sreekumar

Informations

• Publié par: universitat_stuttgart
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 34
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Synthetic and Mechanistic Prospects of Homogeneous Gold
Catalysis



Von der Fakultät Chemie der Universität Stuttgart
zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der
Naturwissenschaften
-Dr. rer. nat.-
genehmigte Abhandlung



vorgelegt von
Sreekumar Pankajakshan
aus
Kerala/Indien



Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kaim
Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. A. Stephen K. Hashmi
Mitberichter: Prof. Dr. Sabine Laschat
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 02/09/09



Institut für Organische Chemie
der Universität Stuttgart
2009





























To my dear parents.....


































Most of what I knew was left untold,
Most of what I spoke was hardly worthy,
While you hate me with half your heart,
Forgive me with the other half;
This is my flesh and blood,
and this is all I have left to offer.

Balachandran Chullikkad




























(This thesis work was done during August 2006-June 2009, at the Institute of Organic
Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. A. Stephen. K. Hashmi)

Acknowledgements

Let me convey my ‘vote of thanks’ to all those who helped me to materialize this manuscript.
First and foremost, I am obliged to Prof. Dr. A. Stephen K. Hashmi, for offering me a
doctoral position in his workgroup and for the motivation and encouragement he provided
during my tenure as a PhD student. I am hugely benefited from the ‘freedom of thought’ and
independence that he conveys to his co-workers.
I am grateful to Prof. Dr. S. Laschat, for being a benevolent presence in my stay at the
University of Stuttgart, and for her willingness to be one of my examiners. I am thankful to
Prof. Dr. W. Kaim, for being my examiner.
My sincere thanks to Frau Kraschewski, Frau Henn, Frau Luginsland, Frau Baro and Frau
Schwarzkopf for helping me out in administrative matters. Frau Panicker-Otto deserves
special mention for her immense support and care that made my academic and personal life at
ease.
I am grateful to all those who provided the technical and analytical support to complete this
thesis work (Dr. P. Fischer, Frau N. Böres, Herrn E. Ehrlich, Frau A. Pikulski, Frau U.
Twiehaus, and Herrn J. Rebell for NMR, Dr. J. Opitz, Herrn J. Trinkner and Frau K.
Wohlbold for mass spectroscopy, Frau D. Göhringer, Frau C. Lauxmann, Frau L. Müller,
Frau M. Ragaly and Frau M. Richter for elemental analysis, Dr. W. Frey, Dr. F. Rominger
and Dr. T. Oeser for X-ray measurements). Dr. B. Miehlich is gratefully appreciated for his
prompt assistance on software/hardware problems.
Many thanks to Herrn H.-J. Bräuner and Herrn P. Schüle for assisting me in ordering the
chemicals and other required things and Herrn R. A. Linderer for providing the laboratory
requirements.
Thanks a ton to all my colleagues in Stuttgart and in Heidelberg for their support and intimacy
on and off the academia. Special thanks to Matthias, Michel, Tobi, Sacha, Filiz, Melissa,

Tanuja, Miriam, Ralph and Christoph for the productive discussions and helps at various
stages of my PhD. Tom (visiting student from U.S.A) is much appreciated for his
experimental contribution and for the nice company he was in the lab.
I am hugely indebted to my previous research mentors, Prof. Curt Wentrup and Prof. Dr. C.
Schneider for their guidance, inspiration and the expertise I gained from their laboratories. I
th
also owe a lot to all my teachers-especially Joseph sir (7 standard), Jony sir (higher-
secondary), Prasad sir (bachelors), and Asokan sir (masters)- from schooling to graduation
who influenced me to the core and played such an important role in shaping up my career and
self.
My very special thanks to all my dear friends, Biju, Pratheesh, Girish and Rajesh in my
hometown for their support and love that enabled me to endure the difficult times. Sreeraj,
Gopan, Sreenivasan, Sajeev, Krishnamohan, Sudheendran, Thomachayan, Ramesh and
Rajesh- friends from my home university- deserve a lot for what they are always; selfless,
motivating and funny that entertained and enriched my life a lot. Nandakumar and Lisa are
appreciated for their guidance and inspiration. Thanks a lot to my friends here in and out of
Stuttgart- Kamal, Sankaran, Lijo, George, Samith, Sony, Arun, Rajagopal, Jimmy, Sajid,
Atanu, Nithin, Prasanth,…- for the lively social circle and entertainment. Chara, Thanks a lot
for the wonderful company, discussions, and contributions to the thesis. Fathima has been a
jovial customer to my lab and thanks to her for the routine chit-chats in my broken German
that cheered up most of my days.
Last but never the least, I express my sincere gratitude to my parents, sisters and brothers-in-
law for their life-long love, support and intimacy. I bow to the almighty for strengthening me
to follow the destiny.



List of abbreviations ix

Publications/Posters/Presentations x

Abstract (Deutsch) xi

1 General Introduction 20
1.1 Gold as a homogeneous catalyst; Reactivity and special features 20
1.1.1 Introduction 20
1.1.2 Early stages (1976-1999) 20
1.1.3 The ‘Gold rush’ in homogeneous catalysis 21
1.1.4 What makes gold a special Lewis acid? 24
1.1.4.1 ‘π acidity’ of gold 24
1.1.4.2 Pull-Push reactivity of gold 25
1.1.4.2.1 Au(I)-A ‘carbene’ friendly gold 26
1.1.4.3 Relativistic effects in gold catalysis 27
1.1.5 Gold vs Platinum: Divergent reactivities 28
1.1.6 Conclusion 29

1.2 Setting the goal 30

1.3 Gold-catalyzed conversions of furan containing aryl-ynamides and
aryl-ynol ethers 33
1.3.1 Background: Gold-catalyzed conversions of aryl substituted
1,6-enynes 33
1.3.2 Motivation for the present work 36
1.3.3 Synthesis of the substrates 37
1.3.3.1 Synthesis of the ynamides 37
1.3.3.2 Synthesis of the ynol ethers 38
1.3.3.3 Sonogashira coupling: Synthesis of aryl-ynamides 39
1.3.3.4 Negishi coupling: Synthesis of aryl-ynol ethers 41
1.3.4 Gold catalysis of aryl-ynamides 42
1.3.4.1 Results and discussion 42
1.3.5 Mechanistic discussion 48

1.3.6 Gold catalysis of aryl-ynol ethers 50
1.3.7 Conclusion and outlook 51

1.4 Gold catalyzed cycloisomerization of furyl-alkynes: Proof for the
cationic nature of the ‘carbene’ intermediate 52
1.4.1 Background 52
1.4.2 Motivation for the present work 59
1.4.3 Synthesis of the substrates 60
1.4.3.1 Synthesis of Nitrogen-tethered substrates 60
1.4.3.2 Synthesis of Oxygen-tethered substrates 61
1.4.3.3 Synthesis of aryl-alkyne substrates 62
1.4.4 Results and discussion 62
1.4.5 Mechanistic discussion 66
1.4.6 Conclusion 67
1.4.7 Gold catalysis of furyl-allenes 68
1.4.7.1 Background: Gold-catalyzed transformations of hydroxyl
and amino allenes 68
1.4.7.2 Synthesis of the substrates 69
1.4.7.3 Results and discussion 70
1.4.7.4 Mechanistic proposal 71
1.4.7.5 Conclusion and outlook 72

1.5 Gold catalysis of Oxanorbornadienes; Novel formation of N,O-acetals 73
1.5.1 Back ground: Mechanistic investigations of gold-catalyzed
phenol synthesis 73
1.5.2 Motivation for the present work 75
1.5.3 Synthesis of the substrates 76
1.5.4 Results and discussion 78
1.5.5 Mechanistic discussion 80
1.5.6 Conclusion and outlook 83

1.6 Investigations on catalytic aerobic oxidations by gold 84
1.6.1 Back ground: Catalytic aerobic oxidations of arenes, alkenes and
alcohols 84

1.6.1 Motivation for the present work 85
1.6.3 Synthesis of the substrates 86
1.6.4 Results and discussion 88
1.6.5 Mechanistic discussion 90
1.6.6 Conclusion and outlook 90

1.7 Summary 91

2 Experimental and spectroscopic data 99
2.1 General 99
2.1.1 Chemicals and solvents 99
2.1.2 Chromatography 99
2.1.2.1 Thin-layer chromatography 99
2.1.2.2 Preparative column chromatography 99
2.1.3 Analysis 99
2.1.3.1 Melting point determination 99
2.1.3.2 Infrared spectroscopy 99
2.1.3.3 Nuclear mag