Advances and Updates in Internal Medicine, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice
299 pages
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299 pages
English

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Description

A current review of important internal medicine topics for the exotic animal practitioner! Articles will review metabolic bone disease, avian hepatic disorders, avian female reproductive disorders, proventricular dilatation disease, avian renal disorders, ferret neoplasia, amphibian internal disorders, koi reproductive disorders, thyroid tumors and lymphadenopathies in guinea pigs, reproductive reptilian disorders, disseminated idiopathic myositis in ferrets, gastric stasis in rabbits, and much more!


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Publié par
Date de parution 28 septembre 2010
Nombre de lectures 1
EAN13 9781455700776
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 5 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,5517€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Pet , Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2010
ISSN: 1094-9194
doi: 10.1016/S1094-9194(10)00082-4

Contributors List
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Pet
Advances and Updates in Internal Medicine
Kemba Marshall
PetSmart Store Support Group, 19601 North 27th Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85027, USA
ISSN  1094-9194
Volume 13 • Number 3 • September 2010

Contents
Cover
Contributors List
Forthcoming Issues
Preface
Diagnostic Techniques and Treatments for Internal Disorders of Koi ( Cyprinus carpio )
Updates and Practical Approaches to Reproductive Disorders in Reptiles
A Fresh Look at Metabolic Bone Diseases in Reptiles and Amphibians
Avian Renal System: Clinical Implications
Advanced Diagnostic Approaches and Current Management of Avian Hepatic Disorders
Management of Common Psittacine Reproductive Disorders in Clinical Practice
Advanced Diagnostic Approaches and Current Medical Management of Insulinomas and Adrenocortical Disease in Ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo )
Advanced Diagnostic Approaches and Current Management of Internal Disorders of Select Species (Rodents, Sugar Gliders, Hedgehogs)
Advanced Diagnostic Approaches and Current Management of Proventricular Dilatation Disease
The Isolation, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Transmission, and Control of Avian Bornavirus and Proventricular Dilatation Disease
Advanced Diagnostic Approaches and Current Management of Thyroid Pathologies in Guinea Pigs
Updates and Advanced Therapies for Gastrointestinal Stasis in Rabbits
Ferret Coronavirus-Associated Diseases
Disseminated Idiopathic Myofasciitis in Ferrets
Index
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Pet , Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2010
ISSN: 1094-9194
doi: 10.1016/S1094-9194(10)00084-8

Forthcoming Issues
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Pet , Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2010
ISSN: 1094-9194
doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2010.05.015

Preface
Advances and Updates in Internal Medicine

Kemba Marshall, DVM, DABVP-Avian
PetSmart Store Support Group, 19601 North 27th Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85027, USA
E-mail address: petagrees@yahoo.com

Kemba Marshall, DVM, DABVP-Avian, Guest Editor

Let the young know they will never find a more interesting, more instructive book than the patient himself.
—Giorgio Baglivi
Through our patients we, as veterinarians, learn and develop our anecdotes, our n = 1, and eventually our clinical impressions. It is through our patients that we experience the elation of being right and the cemented weight of being completely at a loss.
When I was in veterinary school, I asked one of my professors to give me advice on what I could do to become a better exotic animal practitioner. Poised with paper and pen, I was ready for whatever recommendations were to be given, or so I thought. My professor said to me, “Don’t ever forget that medicine is medicine.” I was initially somewhat offended; that seemed as informative to me as telling me that there are gravitational forces affecting the earth. Through the years, however, that simple statement has been its own gravitational, steadying force.
The contributions to this issue echo that same sentiment. Hyperthyroidism in guinea pigs still requires a minimum database and has a similar work-up as does hyperthyroidism in cats. Diagnostic imaging techniques are no different in koi than in canine patients. Prolonged anorexia has to be addressed in order for patients to receive daily nutritional requirements; stomach tubes work even when they are fed in through the nose.
With the help of contributing authors, the first portion of this issue attempts to provide updates on common diseases, such as reptile metabolic bone disease and avian renal disease syndromes. Where applicable, evidence-based research studies are cited to justify treatment modalities. When the research studies are lacking, the authors have cited their own opinions to explain therapies.
The second part of this issue focuses on advances; in general, this information is underreported, as in the case of guinea pig hyperthyroidism in the United States, or it is a new explanation of an old syndrome, like the exciting proventricular dilatation disease research presented. For all submissions, I am appreciative, and for the honor of being asked to guest edit this edition, I am humbled.
Use these articles for reference, information, and confirmation when seeing patients who look just like what an article describes. More importantly, if you have a question, contact the authors. We all learn when we share experiences. If, in communicating with authors, you see that n = 1 is really n = 5, consider writing a peer-reviewed article to advance the body of evidence based veterinary medicine for avian and exotic pets. If every patient is a book, just think of all the information yet to be discovered. So go palpate, go listen, and then go document.
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Pet , Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2010
ISSN: 1094-9194
doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2010.05.012

Diagnostic Techniques and Treatments for Internal Disorders of Koi ( Cyprinus carpio )

Nicholas Saint-Erne, DVM
Aquatics Division, PetSmart, Inc, 19601 North 27th Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85027, USA
E-mail address: nsainterne@ssg.petsmart.com

Abstract
The most common problems that occur in koi involve external pathogens and environmental conditions. Techniques for external fish examination and water quality analysis have been well described in the veterinary literature. However, there are also some internal disorders of koi, such as gas bladder abnormalities affecting the fish’s buoyancy, neoplasia, egg binding (roe retention), and spinal disorders that can be diagnosed with common veterinary medical procedures. Diagnostic techniques along with available treatments for these disorders are presented in this article.

Keywords
• Fish • Carp • Koi • Diagnosis • Reproduction • Internal medicine
Aquatic veterinary medicine is a fast-growing field in veterinary medicine, and aquatic veterinarians are involved in food fish production (aquaculture), natural fisheries management, research using fish as models, public aquarium maintenance, and ornamental fish keeping. The AquaVetMed.info Web site lists more than 700 veterinarians as practicing aquatic veterinary medicine. There are several worldwide organizations for veterinarians whose medical practice includes fish; including the World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association ( www.WAVMA.org ) and the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine ( www.IAAAM.org ). The American Veterinary Medical Association ( www.AVMA.org ) survey of United States households’ pet ownership, which is conducted every 5 years, indicates that in 2006 there were more than 9 million American households keeping a total of more than 75 million pet fish. 1 These numbers are 50% greater than in the previous 2001 AVMA survey!
Nishikigoi (Japanese for “brocaded carp”), or koi for short, are colorful variations of the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) that have been selectively bred in Japan for more than 200 years. In the last 50 years they have become very popular worldwide as ornamental fish. Koi can grow quite large (up to 100 cm) and live for many decades. Individual koi fish with perfect color patterns are valuable ( Fig. 1 ). There are koi shows held all over the world, and a show-quality koi can be worth thousands, even tens of thousands of dollars. For this reason, along with their longevity and endearing personalities, koi are one of the fish species most often presented to the veterinarian for treatment of diseases.

Fig. 1 A Tancho Goshiki ( red circle on head of black patterned koi) that recently sold for well in excess of $10,000.
( Courtesy of Pan Intercorp, Kenmore, Washington. www.Koi.com .)

Diagnostic techniques
Disease diagnosis and treatment of koi or other ornamental fish in the veterinary hospital use techniques similar to those used for other animal species. Most of the needed equipment is already in the small animal veterinary hospital, except for water containers and filtration systems. One of the most important diagnostic tools is taking the history of the patient. 2 Discussing the patient's history with the owner is as necessary with fish as it is with other pets. History taking includes obtaining information on age, origin, length of ownership, previous diseases and treatments, feeding habits, aquatic habitat, water quality, and filtration systems. As with many exotic pets, knowing the environmental information is helpful in making an accurate diagnosis.
Many common clinical techniques can be used to diagnose diseases of koi, and these have been described in many other publications. 2 - 7 Diagnostic tests for external disorders are inexpensive, and can be performed using standard veterinary techniques. 6 Common diagnostic tests include skin, fin, and gill biopsies examined microscopically for diagnosing external parasites, culture and sensitivity testing for bacteria, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for viruses, blood chemistry and serology, tissue and fluid aspiration cytology, radiology, and sonography. More advanced techniques available through specialty practices or veterinary colleges such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are used for koi as well.
When handling fish for clinical procedures or diagnostic tests, the veterinarian and

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