Forth Coming Fine Art and Antique Sale PREVIEW

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Forth Coming Fine Art and Antique Sale PREVIEW Saturday 20th November at 10.00am A full catalogue will be online to view and catalogue will be available by post early in November Established 1933 Auctioneers and Valuers 22 Smith Street, Ayr KA7 1TF Visit us at Email:

• island rejoice
• highland cattle
• painting lessons
• framed oil on board
• rsa rsw
• £800 denovan adam rsa
• student at the studio of gjh poggenbeek
• oil on canvas

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• Lowrie
• Campbell
• Venice
• Ámsterdam
• Royaume-Uni
• Studio
• Framed
• Painting

Informations

• Publié par: mochug
• Nombre de lectures: 37
• Langue: English

Extrait

In Proc. Fifth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI ’02), Dec. 2002. Received best paper award.
Memory Resource Management in VMware ESX Server
Carl A. Waldspurger
VMware, Inc.
Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
[e-mail]
Abstract Virtual machines have been used for decades to al-
low multiple copies of potentially different operating
systems to run concurrently on a single hardware plat-
VMware ESX Server is a thin software layer designed to
form [8]. A virtual machine monitor (VMM) is a soft-
multiplex hardware resources efficiently among virtual ma-
ware layer that virtualizes hardware resources, export-
chines running unmodified commodity operating systems.
ing a virtual hardware interface that reflects the under-
This paper introduces several novel ESX Server mechanisms
lying machine architecture. For example, the influential
and policies for managing memory. A ballooning technique
VM/370 virtual machine system [6] supported multiple
reclaims the pages considered least valuable by the operat-
concurrent virtual machines, each of which believed it
ing system running in a virtual machine. An idle memory tax
was running natively on the IBM System/370 hardware
achieves efficient memory utilization while maintaining per-
architecture [10]. More recent research, exemplified
formance isolation guarantees. Content-based page sharing
by Disco [3, 9], has focused on using virtual machines
and hot I/O page remapping exploit transparent page remap-
to provide scalability and fault containment for com-
ping to eliminate redundancy and reduce copying overheads.
modity operating systems running on large-scale shared-
These techniques are combined to efficiently support virtual
memory multiprocessors.
machine workloads that overcommit memory.
VMware ESX Server is a thin software layer designed
to multiplex hardware resources efficiently among vir-1 Introduction
tual machines. The current system virtualizes the Intel
IA-32 architecture [13]. It is in production use on servers
Recent industry trends, such as server consolida- running multiple instances of unmodified operating sys-
tion and the proliferation of inexpensive shared-memory tems such as Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server
multiprocessors, have fueled a resurgence of interest in and Red Hat Linux 7.2. The design of ESX Server dif-
server virtualization techniques. Virtual machines are fers significantly from VMware Workstation, which uses
particularly attractive for server virtualization. Each a hosted virtual machine architecture [23] that takes ad-
virtual machine (VM) is given the illusion of being a ded- vantage of a pre-existing operating system for portable
icated physical machine that is fully protected and iso- I/O device support. For example, a Linux-hosted VMM
lated from other virtual machines. Virtual machines are intercepts attempts by a VM to read sectors from its vir-
also convenient abstractions of server workloads, since tual disk, and issues aread() system call to the under-
they cleanly encapsulate the entire state of a running sys- lying Linux host OS to retrieve the corresponding data.
tem, including both user-level applications and kernel- In contrast, ESX Server manages system hardware di-
mode operating system services. rectly, providing significantly higher I/O performance
and complete control over resource management.
In many computing environments, individual servers
are underutilized, allowing them to be consolidated as The need to run existing operating systems without
virtual machines on a single physical server with little or modification presented a number of interesting chal-
no performance penalty. Similarly, many small servers lenges. Unlike IBM’s mainframe division, we were un-
can be consolidated onto fewer larger machines to sim- able to influence the design of the guest operating sys-
plify management and reduce costs. Ideally, system ad- tems running within virtual machines. Even the Disco
ministrators should be able to flexibly overcommit mem- prototypes [3, 9], designed to run unmodified operat-
ory, processor, and other resources in order to reap the ing systems, resorted to minor modifications in the IRIX
benefits of statistical multiplexing, while still providing kernel sources.
resource guarantees to VMs of varying importance.
11This paper introduces several novel mechanisms and machine mappings in the pmap. This approach per-
policies that ESX Server 1.5 [29] uses to manage mem- mits ordinary memory references to execute without ad-
ory. High-level resource management policies compute ditional overhead, since the hardware TLB will cache
a target memory allocation for each VM based on spec- direct virtual-to-machine address translations read from
ified parameters and system load. These allocations are the shadow page table.
achieved by invoking lower-level mechanisms to reclaim
memory from virtual machines. In addition, a back- The extra level of indirection in the memory system
ground activity exploits opportunities to share identical is extremely powerful. The server can remap a “phys-
pages between VMs, reducing overall memory pressure ical” page by changing its PPN-to-MPN mapping, in a
on the system. manner that is completely transparent to the VM. The
server may also monitor or interpose on guest memory
In the following sections, we present the key aspects accesses.
of memory resource management using a bottom-up
approach, describing low-level mechanisms before dis-
cussing the high-level algorithms and policies that co- 3 Reclamation Mechanisms
ordinate them. Section 2 describes low-level memory
virtualization. 3 discusses mechanisms for re-
ESX Server supports overcommitment of memory to
claiming memory to support dynamic resizing of virtual
facilitate a higher degree of server consolidation than
machines. A general technique for conserving memory
would be possible with simple static partitioning. Over-
by sharing identical pages between VMs is presented
commitment means that the total size configured for all
in Section 4. Section 5 discusses the integration of
running virtual machines exceeds the total amount of ac-
working-set estimates into a proportional-share alloca-
tual machine memory. The system manages the alloca-
tion algorithm. Section 6 describes the high-level al-
tion of memory to VMs automatically based on config-
location policy that coordinates these techniques. Sec-
uration parameters and system load.
tion 7 presents a remapping optimization that reduces
I/O copying overheads in large-memory systems. Sec-
Each virtual machine is given the illusion of having
tion 8 examines related work. Finally, we summarize our
a fixed amount of physical memory. This max size is
conclusions and highlight opportunities for future work
a configuration parameter that represents the maximum
in Section 9.
amount of machine memory it can be allocated. Since
commodity operating systems do not yet support dy-
namic changes to physical memory sizes, this size re-
mains constant after booting a guest OS. A VM will be2 Memory Virtualization
allocated its maximum size when memory is not over-
committed.
A guest operating system that executes within a vir-
tual machine expects a zero-based physical address
3.1 Page Replacement Issues
space, as provided by real hardware. ESX Server gives
each VM this illusion, virtualizing physical memory by
When memory is overcommitted, ESX Server mustadding an extra level of address translation. Borrowing
employ some mechanism to reclaim space from one orterminology from Disco [3], a machine address refers to
more virtual machines. The standard approach used byactual hardware memory, while a physical address is a
earlier virtual machine systems is to introduce anothersoftware abstraction used to provide the illusion of hard-
level of paging [9, 20], moving some VM “physical”ware memory to a virtual machine. We will often use
pages to a swap area on disk. Unfortunately, an extra“physical” in quotes to highlight this deviation from its
level of paging requires a meta-level page replacementusual meaning.
policy: the virtual machine system must choose not only
the VM from which to revoke memory, but also whichESX Server maintains a pmap data structure for each
of its particular pages to reclaim.VM to translate “physical” page numbers (PPNs) to
machine page numbers (MPNs). VM instructions that
In general, a meta-level page replacement policy mustmanipulate guest OS page tables or TLB contents are
make relatively uninformed resource management deci-intercepted, preventing updates to actual MMU state.
sions. The best information about which pages are leastSeparate shadow page tables, which contain virtual-to-
1machine page mappings, are maintained for use by the The IA-32 architecture has hardware mechanisms that walk in-
processor and are kept consistent with the physical-to- memory page tables and reload the TLB [13].
2Guest Memoryvaluable is known only by the guest operating system
may
page outinflatewithin each VM. Although there is no shortage of clever
......balloonpage replacement algorithms [26], this is actually the
......
Guest Memorycrux of the problem. A sophisticated meta-level policy
is likely to introduce performance anomalies due to un-
....balloonintended interactions with native memory management
policie