GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT

Description

• leçon - matière potentielle : notes
• cours - matière potentielle : pupils
• cours - matière potentielle : reports

GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT Introduction Geography is one of the social subjects taught at Garnock Academy. In common with other secondary schools in North Ayrshire, it is offered at the following levels: Ø 5 –14 Ø Standard Grade Ø Higher Still Geography Teaching Staff Mr J. Auty :Principal Teacher Mr J. Wire :Teacher Mrs A. McLatchie :Teacher

• rural land resources
• japan ø map skills in earth forces
• enquiry skills
• environmental hazards assessment
• regular contact
• standard grade ø
• map skills
• geography
• unit
• -1 unit

Sujets

• Pupil
• Report
• Secondary school
• Royaume-Uni
• Geography
• Skill
• Assessment
• Regular

Informations

• Publié par: erre
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

Fact sheet
EnergyEnergy
Rio Tinto fact sheet
01
Our energy business
Rio Tinto is a leading international
business involved in each stage
of metal and mineral production.
The Group combines Rio Tinto plc,
which is listed on the London
Stock Exchange, and Rio Tinto
Limited, which is listed on the
Australian Securities Exchange.
As part of its portfolio Rio Tinto We want to ensure the sustainable
produces coal and uranium; two future use of coal and uranium
important sources of energy from as energy sources, and so we are
mining. We produce coal in Australia investing in various technologies
and the US and uranium in Namibia and areas of research that are
and Australia, which we sell to furthering this cause.
worldwide markets.
Burning coal is a major contributor
Rio Tinto is one of the world’s major to man made greenhouse gases.
producers of export thermal coal, Rio Tinto has accepted the challenge,
used for electricity generation in with other producers and governments,
power stations. Electrifcation is to implement low emission technologies
a key aspect of development, and to reduce emissions of greenhouse
developing countries in particular gases to the atmosphere from the
rely on the affordable electricity that combustion of coal.
coal provides. We also produce coking
coal for steel making.
Rio Tinto is one of the world’s largest
producers of uranium. This uranium
is used exclusively for the generation
of nuclear electricity. We follow strict
security measures to ensure our
uranium products are used only
for peaceful purposes.
Left
Rio Tinto produces coal (pictured) in
Australia and the US, and uranium
in Namibia and Australia.Energy
Rio Tinto fact sheet
02
Coal
To ensure that coal remains a valuable long term
energy source for the world, coal producers and
users need to minimise the effects of burning
coal, and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide
emissions from power plants.
Producing coal Using coal
Coal is formed from plants that grew on Earth millions of Rio Tinto Energy produces two types of coal – thermal
years ago. As the plants died, and became buried beneath coal and coking coal:
the Earth’s surface, they were exposed to heat, pressure
and chemical reactions that turned them into coal. The • Thermal coal: this is also known as steam coal. It is
world’s currently identifed coal reserves can meet present primarily used to generate electricity in power stations.
levels of demand for about 200 years. The energy released when the coal is burned is used
to turn water into steam, which drives turbines that
Coal is mined either from open pit mines at the Earth’s generate electricity. We produce low sulphur coal,
surface, or in underground mines. Once extracted, it is which helps our customers meet their requirements
sized and blended according to our customers’ needs, for low sulphur dioxide emissions.
then loaded into trains to be delivered or exported.
• Coking coal: this is also known as metallurgical coal
and is mainly used in making steel. It is a higher value
product than thermal coal. Coking coal supplies both
heat and carbon to the process that converts iron ore
into steel.
To ensure that coal remains a valuable long term energy
source for the world, coal producers and users need to
minimise the effects of burning coal, and reduce the
amount of carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.
Rio Tinto’s Energy group is involved in various initiatives
to help secure coal’s future as an energy source. These
include support for numerous research and demonstration
projects including the COAL21 programme in Australia.
Right
Coal is mined either from open
pit mines at the Earth’s surface,
or in underground mines.

Energy
Rio Tinto fact sheet
03Energy
Rio Tinto fact sheet
04
We have a number of brownfeld and greenfeld
opportunities that will help meet rising demand
for coal and energy.
Our coal operations US operations Our coal projects
In 2007, Rio Tinto announced its
Rio Tinto’s coal operations are in decision to explore divestment of We have a number of brownfeld
eastern Australia and the western US. Rio Tinto Energy America (RTEA). At and greenfeld opportunities that
that time, RTEA owned and operated will help meet rising demand for
Australian operations four coal mines in the US’s Powder coal and energy.
Rio Tinto Coal Australia (RTCA) River Basin of Montana and Wyoming
is a wholly owned subsidiary of (Jacobs Ranch, Antelope, Spring • Rio Tinto Coal Australia
Rio Tinto. RTCA manages Rio Tinto Creek and Cordero Rojo), and held – Kestrel: a mine extension plan,
Energy’s coal mines in Queensland: a 50 per cent interest in the Decker forecast to be in production
Blair Athol (Rio Tinto: 71 per cent), coal mine. RTEA also owned the in late 2012/early 2013, will
Clermont (50.1 per cent), with coal Colowyo mine in Colorado. help meet Asian demand for
production commencing early 2010, metallurgical coal.
Kestrel (80 per cent), and Hail Creek Colowyo Coal, a Rio Tinto managed
(82 per cent). operation, was separated from RTEA • Coal & Allied
in 2008 because it was not part of – Mount Pleasant: the company
Upon reaching full capacity, the asset divestment programme. is currently reviewing the
scheduled for 2013, Clermont 2008 engineering feasibility
will become Australia’s largest coal In 2009, Rio Tinto sold Jacobs Ranch. study to update the economic
producer. Production from Clermont In the same year, Rio Tinto formed assumptions and technical design
will replace that from Blair Athol. Cloud Peak Energy Inc. and launched considerations for this coal mine
an initial public offering (IPO) as a project next to the Bengalla mine.
RTCA also provides management way of divesting Antelope, Spring Coal & Allied is in the process
services to, and owns 75.7 per cent Creek and Cordero Rojo, as well as the of identifying modifcations
of, Coal & Allied, which mines stake in the Decker mine. Rio Tinto that may be required to the
coal in New South Wales. Coal & has retained an interest of 48 per cent existing regulatory consents
Allied wholly owns the Hunter in Cloud Peak. and approvals, and proceeding
Valley Operations mines and has to apply for those remaining
partial ownership of other mines regulatory consents and
in the region: Bengalla (Rio Tinto: approvals needed to progress
30.3 per cent), Mount Thorley the proposed development of
(60.6 per cent) and Warkworth Mount Pleasant.
(42.1 per cent). Rio Tinto Coal – Project work is continuing to
Australia’s deposits contain a examine opportunities to expand
mixture of thermal and coking coal. production at the Bengalla Mine
and to extend the mining life of
Mount Thorley and Warkworth.
Top
Colowyo coal mine supplies electricity
generators in the south west US.
Right
Kestrel mine in Australia, where an
expansion project will help meet
Asian coal demand.

Energy
Rio Tinto fact sheet
05Energy
Rio Tinto fact sheet
06Energy
Rio Tinto fact sheet
07
Uranium
Uranium’s chemical properties
can be harnessed to produce
electricity without the generation
of carbon dioxide.
Producing uranium Using uranium
Uranium, a metallic element, is one Uranium oxide is transformed into
of the most powerful natural sources nuclear fuel through processes called
of energy. Its chemical properties can conversion and enrichment. The
be harnessed to produce electricity resultant nuclear fuel rods are then
without the generation of inserted into a nuclear reactor to
carbon dioxide. produce energy.
At Rio Tinto’s uranium mines, Nuclear energy is generated by the
ore is blasted and transported to splitting of uranium atoms, a process
a processing facility where it is that releases a large amount of heat.
crushed to the size of fne sand. This heat is then used to convert
Uranium is dissolved from the rock water into high temperature steam,
using sulphuric acid, manganese and which in turn drives the turbines
iron oxide. It is then recovered from in a generator to produce electricity.
the solution in a number of stages.
The uranium is extracted using an Nuclear energy is an important form
organic liquor; the organic liquor of low carbon emitting electricity
is then stripped using ammonium generation. The lifecycle carbon
sulphate to concentrate the uranium emissions arising from nuclear power
for precipitation. Gaseous ammonia are comparable with solar and wind
is added to form a solid called yellow power. The world is currently seeing
cake, which is centrifuged and roasted signifcant growth in nuclear power
to produce uranium oxide powder. as governments grapple with the
This powder is the product that challenge of reducing greenhouse
Rio Tinto supplies to its customers. gas emissions.
Left
Uranium, produced at Rössing
and ERA (pictured) is used for the
generation of nuclear energy.Energy
Rio Tinto fact sheet
08
Our uranium operations Our ur