Scared Straight Programs

Arvind Gupta

Description

Scared Straight Programs: Jail and Detention Tours Anthony J. Schembri, Secretary Florida Department of Juvenile Justice

• rahway state prison
• rational choice model of decision-making
• classic demonstration of the power of social situations
• youth
• findings
• research

Sujets

• Ringel
• Shealy
• Schembri
• Williams
• Keating
• Zimbardo
• New Jersey
• Stanford University
• New York City
• Prison
• Rahway, New Jersey

Informations

• Publié par: orzi
• Nombre de lectures: 12
• Langue: English

Extrait

About the Author
Born in Birmingham, England, in 1917, Laurie Baker studied architecture at the Birmingham School of
Architecture from where he graduated in 1937 and became an associate member of the, RIBA. During the
World War II he was an anaesthetist to a surgical team in China where he also worked on control and
treatment. On his way back to England he had to wait for about three months for a boat in Bombay. There
he met Gandhi and was influenced by him. He decided that he would come back to India and work here.
During 1945 - 1966, apart from his general freelance architectural practice throughout his life in India, ·
Baker was architect to leprosy institutions in India and 1ived and worked in a hill village in Uttar Pradesh.
In 1966, Baker moved south and worked with the tribals of Peerumede in Kerala. In 1970, he came to
Trivandrum and has since been designing and constructing buildings all over Kerala. He has served at vari-
ous times as Governor of HUDCO, on the working group on Housing of the Planning Commission, and on
several expert committees at the national and state level.
MUD - LAURIE BAKER
feV~Vh & ykSjh csdj
fganh vuqokn & vjfoUn xqIrk
ykSjh csdj dk tUe 1917 esa cjfea?ke] baXySUM esa gqvkA 1937 esa mUgksaus cjfea?ke Ldwy vkWiQ
vkjdhVsDpj ls Lukrd dh fMxzh ikbZ] vkSj mlds ckn oks vkj vkbZ ch , (jhck & jk;y baLVhV~;wV
vkiQ fczfV'k vkjdhVsDV) ds lnL; cusA nwljs fo'o;q¼ ds nkSjku og ,d MkDVjh Vksyh ds lkFk phu
x,] tgka mUgksaus dq"Bjksx ds bykt vkSj jksdFkke dk dke fd;kA baXySUM okil tkrs oDr mUgsa vius
tgkt ds bartkj ds fy, cEcbZ esa rhu eghus jQduk iM+k rHkh mudh HksaV xka/hth ls gqbZA bl HksaV dk
mu ij xgjk vlj iM+kA mUgksaus Hkkjr ykSVdj vkus vkSj dke djus dk fu'p; fd;kA 1945&66 ds
nkSjku Jh csdj Lora=k :i ls Hkou fMtk;u ds lkFk&lkFk dq"Bjksx vLirkyksa ds izeq[k vkjdhVsDV Hkh
jgsA bl nkSjku mUgksaus mRrj izns'k ds ,d igkM+h xkao eas dke fd;kA 1966 esa Jh csdj nf{k.k esa
dsjy x;s tgka mUgksaus ih:esnh vkfnokfl;ksa ds chp dke fd;kA 1970 esa og f=kosUnze vk, vkSj rc
ls og lkjs dsjy esa Hkouksa ds fMtl;u vkSj fuek.kZ dk dke dj jgs gSaA mUgksaus gqMdks ds lapkyd]
;kstuk vk;ksx dh vkokl desVh] vkSj jkT; ,oa jk"Vªh; Lrj dh dbZ fo'ks"kK lfefr;ksa ds fy, dke
fd;k gSA og us'kuy baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ fMtk;u] vgenkckn ds lapkyd eaMy ds lnL; Hkh jgs gSaA
1981 esa uhnjySUM ds jkW;y fo'ofo|ky; us rhljh nqfu;k ds ns'kksa esa fof'k"V dke djus ds fy,
mUgsa lEekfur fd;kA 1990 esa Jh csdj dks Hkkjr ljdkj us i|&Jh ls lEekfur fd;kAIntroduction
The very fact that you have picked up and opened this book means that at least you wondered however
any one could be serious enough about a substance like mud to write a book about it. It may be that your
interest is even a bit more than mere idle curiosity and just a faint possibility that you might like to know a bit
more about mud.
Before writing and drawing what I think about mud and I think it is important that I, first-of all, let you
know why I think it is important. The fact that you are reading a book written in the English language means
that probably you are educated and are living in “reasonable” circumstances in quarters of some sort. They
may or may not be adequate and according to your tastes and wishes but there is a roof and the walls give
you a certain amount of security and privacy. Now, without arguing about the usefulness and veracity of
statistics, it is a fact that something between twenty and thirty million families in our country do not have
anything like your living accommodation and these 20 odd million families do not have anything that can even
remotely be called a home or a house or even a hut. So I wish that we had a collective national conscience
about this and seriously all of us, not just ‘the Government’ should set about doing something about it so that
this disgrace is removed.
Unfortunately these days so many of us think that we can only build “properly” and “satisfactorily” by
using such items as reinforced concrete, cement blocks, burnt bricks, etc. But equally unfortunately the
manufacture of steel and cement for reinforced concrete is now called “energy intensive’. An enormous
amount of energy that is some sort of fuel-is used td manufacture these so-called essential materials. Fur-
thermore we do not really have enough cement to go round and quite large quantities are imported, for
example, from Korea. Although bricks are made of mud, we burn or bake them to make bricks. In many
parts of the country; to do this, we use firewood to make the bricks hard and strong.
If you build an ordinary middle class house of brick-you probably are not aware that two or three large
trees were felled, and chopped up and burned to fire your bricks. But we know - or you ought to know,
that trees and forests are diminishing and we cut down and use far more than we replace and grow. This is
one of the causes for increasingly large floods in places like West Bengal. So, we also ought to develop our
consciences about not using ex pensive and imported materials but also about those building materials which
use up a lot of our natural resources to provide fuel for manufacturing many of our currently fashionable
materials - not only cement, steel, concrete, bricks and timber, but glass, aluminium, asbestos, galvanized
iron sheets and so on.
The natural and reasonable retort to all of this sort of thing is “But what CAN we use? What does not
need a lot of energy for its manufacture? One answer is to use more stone-but in many parts of our country
there is no usable stone. The other answer is that in many areas there is mud and, believe it or not but the
National Census will show you that numerica1ly, there are more houses -in India made of mud than of any
other material.
So why we have stopped using it? Actually, we have not stopped using it. Many rural families and many of
our poorer people still build with mud but ‘official’ or ‘Government’ housing schemes rarely use it and our
growing ‘Middle Class’ also rarely uses it. There are many reasons to explain this -people do not do or
make things themselves these days, they get others to build and plough for them, they have jobs to do and
older children can’t be used because they now carry on with their education until they are grown up. So
there is no time to do and make things. More and more people never acquire the simple rural skills, which
were known to all of us fifty years ago. Further more, we seem now; to be much more class conscious and
mud is connected in people’s minds with “the Poor”, with “Poverty “. With Cowsheds and Pigsties, with
“Rural EWS Schemes”, with ‘Tribal” and so on. “Who will marry my daughter if I live in a mud house?” So I want to show that mud may be old fashioned. (That to me is a plus point - it has tested and tried over
thousands of years whereas concrete has been in circulation for less than a hundred years), but it could be
successfully used even for the best houses, and, indeed, if all of us are to go into 21st century with a roof
over our 700-800 million beads we will only be able to do it if we put mud into its rightful status. So, this
book is to see how we can go about it.
I have tried in this little book to introduce you to mud. I have tried to make it all as simple as possible, both
with word and picture. I have noted that there is a scientific side to-the subject, but far more important is to
go ahead and use it, experiment with it, have fun with it and drop the idea that it is only for the rural poor. A
lot of the illustrations unfortunately perpetuate the rural path of it. I have shown overhanging grass roofs and
so on, but what is very-very important is to stress the fact that if properly and neatly and expertly finished,
the resulting looks can be -5 star. Although I personally prefer to let whatever building materials I use ex-
press themselves and their special characteristics in the building - (for example a brick house, I think, should
look like a brick house) and it will look different from a stone house. But in general current architectural
practice, most people prefer to plaster over their walls and paint them and add tiles and ‘claddings’. So
there is absolutely no reason why such people and such architects who design for them should not do the
same with mud. Indeed, in a country like Australia, for instance many-many houses are basically mud houses
- but most of them are not distinguishable as such. So my sincerest hope and wish is that every one, Rich or
Poor, Lower, Middle or Upper Class, will come to understand and accept the fact that mud is a reasonable,
acceptable, strong, durable, basic building material that has stood the test of hundreds, if not even thousands
of years of time.
izLrkouk
bl iqLrd dks mBk dj vkSj blds iUus myV dj 'kk;n vkidks dqN vpjt rks t:j gqvk gksxkA Hkyk
^feV~Vh* tSlk fo"k; Hkh bruk xEHkhjrk ls fy;k tk ldrk gS fd ml ij ,d iwjh fdrkc fy[k Mkyh tk,A gks
ldrk gS fd vkidh jQfp egt ,d lrgh mRlqdrk gksA ;g Hkh laHko gS fd vki feV~Vh ds ckjs esa dqN vkSj
tkuuk pkgrs gksaA
feV~Vh ds ckjs esa dqN vkSj fy[kus ls igys eSa vkidks ;g crk nwa fd eSa feV~Vh dks egRoiw.kZ D;ksa le>rk
gwaA D;ksafd vki bl iqLrd dks i<+ ik jgs gSa] bldk eryc gS fd vki f'kf{kr gSa vkSj ,d lkekU; ?kj esa
jgrs gSaA gks ldrk gS fd edku ,dne vkidh jQfp ds ekfiQd u gksA fiQj Hkh ?kj dh Nr vkSj nhokjsa
vkidks dqN&u&dqN futh lqj{kk rk