Speak Up, Speak Out

Description

• mémoire
• mémoire - matière potentielle : the millions
• expression écrite

Speak Up, Speak Out Holocaust Memorial Day is the international day of remembrance for the victims and the survivors of the Holocaust and other genocides. Since 2001, 27 January has marked Holocaust Memorial Day in the UK. This date was chosen because it was on this day in 1945 that the largest Nazi death camp Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated. Each year there is a theme which provides a focus to the event. The theme for 2012 is Speak Up, Speak Out.

• pm storytelling
• opportunity for everyone
• special screening of a film
• arek hersh mbe
• arek
• short holocaust
• holocaust
• session

Sujets

• Mémoire
• The Millions
• Thursday
• Bornstein
• Sieradz
• Hardman
• O?wi?cim

Informations

• Publié par: vieg
• Nombre de lectures: 16
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Part I 10/18/99 1:26 PM Page 3
I
A GUIDE TO
SCIENCE FAIR
PROJECTSPart I 10/18/99 1:26 PM Page 4Part I 10/18/99 1:26 PM Page 5
Chapter 1
The Scientific
Method
Once the topic is selected, you begin whatscience project is an investigation using
is called project research. This is r esearch tothe scientific method to discover the
help you understand the topic, expr ess a prob-A answer to a scientifi c problem. Before
lem, propose a hypothesis, and design one orstarting your project, you need to understand
more project experiments—experimentsthe scientific method. This chapter uses
designed to test the hypothesis. An exampleexamples to illustrate and explain the basic
of project research would be to place a fr eshsteps of the scientifi c method. Chapters 2
loaf of white br ead in a br ead box and obser vethrough 4 give mor e details, and Chapter 5
the bread over a period of time as anuses the scientific method in a sample pr oject.
exploratory experiment. The r esult of thisThe scientific method is the “tool” that sci -
experiment and other r esearch gives you theentists use to fi nd the answers to questions. It
needed information for the next step—identi -is the process of thinking thr ough the possi-
fying the problem.ble solutions to a pr oblem and testing each
possibility for the best solution. The scientifi c Do use many references from printed
method involves the following steps: doing sources—books, journals, magazines,
research, identifying the pr oblem, stating a and newspapers—as well as electr onic
hypothesis, conducting project experimenta- sources—computer software and
tion, and reaching a conclusion. on-line services.
Do gather information from profes-
sionals—instructors, librarians, and RESEARCH
scientists, such as physicians and
Research is the pr ocess of collecting infor - veterinarians.
mation from your own experiences, knowl -
Do perform other exploratory experi-edgeable sources, and data fr om exploratory
ments, such as those in the 50 scienceexperiments. Your first research is used to
project ideas in Par t II.select a project topic. This is called topic
research. For example, you obser ve a black
growth on bread slices and wonder how it PROBLEM
got there. Because of this experience, you
The problem is the scientifi c question todecide to learn more about mold gr owth. Your
be solved. It is best expr essed as an “open-topic will be about fungal r eproduction.
ended” question, which is a question that is(Fungal refers to plantlike or ganisms called
answered with a statement, not just a yes or afungi, which cannot make their own food,
no. For example, “How does light af fect theand reproduction is the making of a new
reproduction of bread mold on white br ead?”offspring.)
CAUTION: If you ar e allergic to mold, this Do limit your problem. Note that the
is not a topic you would investigate. Choose a previous question is about one life
topic that is safe for you to do. process of molds—reproduction; one
5Part I 10/18/99 1:26 PM Page 6
type of mold—bread mold; one type of Do write down your hypothesis befor e
bread—white bread; and one factor that beginning the project experimentation.
affects its growth—light. To find the Don’t change your hypothesis even if
answer to a question such as “How does experimentation does not suppor t it. If
light affect molds?” would r equire that time permits, repeat or redesign the
you test different life processes and an experiment to confirm your results.
extensive variety of molds.
Do choose a problem that can be solved
PROJECT EXPERIMENTATIONexperimentally. For example, the ques -
tion “What is a mold?” can be answer ed Project experimentation is the pr ocess of
by finding the definition of the wor d testing a hypothesis. The things that have an
mold in the dictionary. But, “At r oom effect on the experiment ar e called variables.
temperature, what is the gr owth rate There are three kinds of variables that you
of bread mold on white br ead?” is a need to identify in your experiments:
question that can be answer ed by independent, dependent, and contr olled.
experimentation. The independent variableis the variable
you purposely manipulate (change). The
dependent variableis the variable beingHYPOTHESIS observed that changes in r esponse to the
A hypothesis is an idea about the solution independent variable. The variables that ar e
to a problem, based on knowledge and not changed are called controlled variables.
research. While the hypothesis is a single The problem in this chapter concer ns the
statement, it is the key to a successful pr oject. effect of light on the r eproduction of bread
All of your pr oject research is done with the mold. The independent variable for the experi -
goal of expressing a problem, proposing an ment is light and the dependent variable is
answer to it—the hypothesis, and designing bread mold reproduction. A control is a test
project experimentation. Then all of your pr oj- in which the independent variable is kept con -
ect experimenting will be per formed to test stant in order to measure changes in the
the hypothesis. The hypothesis should make dependent variable. In a contr ol, all variables
a claim about how two factors r elate. For are identical to the experimental setup—your
example, in the following sample hypothesis, original setup—except for the independent
the two relating factors are light and br ead variable. Factors that ar e identical in both the
mold growth. Here is one example of a experimental setup and the contr ol setup are
hypothesis for the earlier pr oblem question: the controlled variables. For example, pr epare
“I believe that br ead mold does not need the experiment by placing thr ee or four loaves
light for reproduction on white br ead. I base of white bread in cardboard boxes the size of
my hypothesis on these facts: a bread box, one loaf per box. Close the boxes
so that they r eceive no light. If, at the end of a• Organisms with chlorophyll need light to
set time period, the mold gr ows, you mightsurvive. Molds do not have chlor ophyll.
decide that no light was needed for mold
• In my exploratory experiment, bread mold reproduction. But, before making this deci -
grew on white br ead kept in a dark br ead sion, you must deter mine experimentally if
box.” the mold would gr ow with light. Thus, contr ol
groups must be set up of br ead that receives
Do state facts from past experiences or light throughout the testing period. Do this
observations on which you based your by placing an equal number of loaves in
hypothesis. comparable-size boxes, but leave them open.
6Part I 10/18/99 1:26 PM Page 7
The other variables for the experimental and a statement of how the r esults relate to the
control setup, such as the envir onmental con- hypothesis. Reasons for experimental r esults
ditions for the r oom where the boxes ar e that are contrary to the hypothesis ar e
placed—temperature and humidity—and the included. If applicable, the conclusion can end
brand of the br eads used must be kept the by giving ideas for fur ther testing.
same. These are controlled variables. If your results do not suppor t your hypothesis:
Note that when designing the pr ocedure of
Don’t change your hypothesis.your project experiment, include steps for
measuring the results. For example, to mea - Don’t leave out experimental r esults that
sure the amount of mold gr owth, you might do not support your hypothesis.
1draw ⁄2 inch (1 cm) squar es on a transpar ent
Do give possible reasons for the dif ferencesheet of plastic. This could be placed over the
between your hypothesis and the experi -bread and the number of squar es with mold
mental results.growth could be counted. Also, as it is best to
perform the experiment mor e than once, it is Do give ways that you can experiment fur -
also good to have mor e than one contr ol. You ther to confirm the results of your origi -
might have one contr ol for every experimen- nal experiment.
tal setup.
If your results support your hypothesis:
Do have only one independent variable
For example, you might say , “As stated induring an experiment.
my hypothesis, I believe that light is not nec -
Do repeat the experiment mor e than once essary for bread mold to r eproduce. My
to verify your r esults. experimentation supports the idea that br ead
mold will reproduce without light. After 21Do have a control.
days, bread mold had gr own both on testing
Do have more than one contr ol, with each samples kept in the dark and also on the con -
being identical. trol samples in the light. It is possible that
temperature is a factor and that the tempera -Do organize data. (See Chapter 5, “A
ture was higher inside the closed boxes dueSample Project,” for information on
to lack of air cir culation. For further testing, Iorganizing data from experiments.)
would select temperature as the independent
variable and test the ef fect of temperature
PROJECT CONCLUSION changes on the gr owth of bread mold.”
The project conclusionis a summary of
the results of the pr oject experimentation and
7Part I 10/18/99 1:26 PM Page 8
Chapter 2
Topic Research
repeatedly jump from one topic to another .ow that you understand the scientifi c
You may in fact decide to stick with your origi -method, you are ready to get star ted.
nal idea even if it is not as exciti