VBA Programming in FrontPage

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Bonus Chapter 1 VBA Programming in FrontPage In This Chapter Understanding how VBA can make FrontPage better Working with FrontPage-related objects Creating FrontPage documents Developing FrontPage templates with automation Designing your own FrontPage template FrontPage is the Microsoft Office Web page design tool. It provides someof the more interesting situations in which you can use VBA to add new features or provide increased functionality. Because Web pages are essen- tially pure text, you can do a lot more with them.

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Informations

• Publié par: thoen0
• Nombre de lectures: 42
• Langue: Português
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

Monolithic Power Combiners in CMOS
technologies for WLAN applications
Combinadores de potência monolíticos em CMOS para
aplicações de redes sem fios

Paulo Gomes

Dissertation submitted for obtaining the degree of
Master in Electronic Engineering



Jury
President: Professor Carlos Fernandes
Supervisor: Professor João Vaz
Member: Professor Jorge Fernandes

October 2011
Acknowledgements
Since my thesis was developed in Portugal, it is only reasonable that the acknowledgments shall
be written in Portuguese.
Gostaria de começar por agradecer ao professor João Vaz pelas sugestões, apoio e orientação
durante o desenvolvimento deste projecto.
Á minha família pelo apoio moral, em especial aos meus pais sem a ajuda dos quais não estaria a
acabar esta tese e consequentemente finalizar o meu curso.
Aos meus colegas de faculdade com os quais tive o privilégio de estudar, desenvolver projectos e
trocar ideais.
E por fim, mas igualmente importantes, aos meus amigos que contribuíram directamente ou
indirectamente, pela amizade incondicional, pelos cafés, saídas e viagens que me mantiveram são e com
as ideias em dia.
A todos vocês que me ajudaram a alcançar mais um objectivo de vida e por ser o que sou hoje.
Obrigado a todos.
i
ii
Abstract
This dissertation presents a study of different monolithic power combining structures. The first
step was to analyze using an electromagnetic simulator some circular spiral inductors and compare the
results with experimental measurements. The objective was to see if simulation results are accurate
enough for the design of new structures. This problem is related to a certain uncertainty with substrate
electrical and geometrical properties not fully supplied by the foundry. The simulator is a 2.5-D
electromagnetic simulator, the ADS Momentum. The inductors were made in CMOS 0.18μm technology.
The most common power combining structures are coupled inductors transformer, transmission
line transformer and LC baluns. Wilkinson coupler and branchline coupler are included in this
dissertation. These structures are studied and later will be designed with the least possible insertion losses.
The differential to single-ended conversion and impedance level transformation are also desirable
properties of these circuits. Finally a selected power combiner will be built and included in a power
amplifier application.

Index Terms – Inductors, transformers, power combiners, radio-frequency, CMOS.


iii
Resumo
Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo sobre diferentes estruturas monolíticas para combinação de
potências. O primeiro passo foi simular algumas bobinas em espiral circulares e comparar os resultados
com medidas experimentais. O objectivo é perceber se os resultados de simulação são precisos o
suficiente para desenhar novas estruturas. Este problema está relacionado com o facto de nem todas as
propriedades eléctricas e geométricas do substrato serem disponibilizadas pelo fabricante. O simulador é
um simulador electromagnético 2.5-D, o ADS Momentum. As bobinas foram construídas com a
tecnologia CMOS 0.18 μm.
As estruturas mais comuns para combinação de potências são os transformadores com bobinas
acopladas, transformadores com linhas de transmissão e baluns LC. Acopladores Wilkinson e branchline
são incluídos neste projecto. Estas estruturas são estudadas nesta dissertação e mais tarde serão
desenhadas e projectadas com baixas perdas de inserção. O facto de estas fazerem uma conversão de
acessos unipolares para diferenciais e a alteração dos níveis de impedâncias são também propriedades
desejáveis. Por fim um combinador de potência será escolhido e será utilizado num amplificador de
potência.

Palavras-chave – Bobinas, transformadores, combinadores de potência, radiofrequência, CMOS.
iv
Contents
1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Motivation and Goals .................. 1
1.2 State of the Art ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Outline ........................................ 2
2. Inductors ............................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Inductor Electric Model .............. 4
2.2 Simulations with Momentum ...................................................................................................... 7
3. Theory of Monolithic Power Combiners ............................ 17
3.1 Transformers ............................................................................................................................. 17
3.1.1 Transformer Electric Model ................................. 20
3.2 Transmission line transformers . 22
3.3 LC Balun ................................................................................................... 24
3.4 Wilkinson coupler ..................... 26
3.5 Branchline couplers .................................................................................................................. 28
4. Project of Monolithic Power Combiners ............................ 29
4.1 Transformer .............................................................................................................................. 29
4.2 Transmission line transformer .................................. 34
4.3 LC Balun ... 43
4.4 Wilkinson coupler ..................................................................................................................... 50
4.5 Branchline coupler .................... 57
5. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 65
References .................. 67


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List of Figures
Figure 1-1: Power combining circuits: (a) coupled inductors transformer; (b) transmission line
transformer; (c) LC balun. ............................................................................................................................ 2
Figure 2-1: (a) Square shape; (b) Octagon shape; (c) Circular shape. .......................... 3
Figure 2-2: Classic Inductor Electric Model. ............................... 4
Figure 2-3: Compact Inductor Electric Model. ............................. 4
Figure 2-4: Topology: (a) π model; (b) 2-π model. ...................................................................................... 7
Figure 2-5: Ind 01: Left – Layout in Cadence; Right – Layout in Momentum. ........... 8
Figure 2-6: Extracted S-parameters of ind 01. .............................. 8
Figure 2-7: Simulated and measured Ls and Rs of ind 01. ........................................................................... 9
Figure 2-8: Ind 02: Left – Layout in Cadence; Right – Layout in Momentum. 9
Figure 2-9: Extracted S-parameters of ind 02. .............................................................................................. 9
Figure 2-10: Simulated and measured Ls and Rs of ind 02. ....... 10
Figure 2-11: Ind 03: Left – Layout in Cadence; Right – Layout in Momentum. ....................................... 10
Figure 2-12: Extracted S-parameters of ind 03. .......................... 10
Figure 2-13: Simulated and measured Ls and Rs of ind 03. ....................................... 11
Figure 2-14: Ind 04: Left – Layout in Cadence; Right – Layout in Momentum. ....... 11
Figure 2-15: Extracted S-parameters of ind 04. .......................................................................................... 11
Figure 2-16: Simulated and measured Ls and Rs of ind 04. ....................................... 12
Figure 2-17: Ind 05: Left – Layout in Cadence; Right – Layout in Momentum. ....................................... 12
Figure 2-18: Extracted S-parameters of ind 05. .......................... 12
Figure 2-19: Simulated and measured Ls and Rs of ind 05. ....................................... 13
Figure 2-20: Ind 06: Left – Layout in Cadence; Right – Layout in Momentum. ....... 13
Figure 2-21: Extracted S-parameters of ind 06. .......................................................................................... 13
Figure 2-22: Simulated and measured Ls and Rs of ind 06. ....................................... 14
Figure 2-23: Ind 07: Left – Layout in Cadence; Right – Layout in Momentum. ....... 14
Figure 2-24: Extracted S-parameters of ind 07. .......................... 14
Figure 2-25: Simulated and measured Ls and Rs of ind 07. ....................................... 15
Figure 2-26: Ind 08: Left – Layout in Cadence; Right – Layout in Momentum. ....................................... 15
Figure 2-27: Extracted S-parameters of ind 08. .......................................................................................... 15
Figure 2-28: Simulated and measured