A Study of Recent Earthquakes

Charles Davison

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• Publié par: odwey
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 33
• Langue: English

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Project Gutenberg's A Study of Recent Earthquakes, by Charles Davison This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: A Study of Recent Earthquakes Author: Charles Davison Release Date: April 12, 2008 [EBook #25062] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A STUDY OF RECENT EARTHQUAKES *** Produced by Jeannie Howse, Henry Craig and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Transcriber's Note: Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For a complete list, please see the end of this document. Some unicode characters may not show in all browsers, hover your mouse over the missing character to see the meaning. Like this. Click on the images to see a larger version. A STUDY OF RECENT EARTHQUAKES. BYCHARLES DAVISON, Sc.D., F.G.S. AUTHOR OF "THE HEREFORD EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 17TH, 1896." WITH 80 ILLUSTRATIONS London and Newcastle-on-Tyne: THE WALTER SCOTT PUBLISHING CO., LTD. 1905 PREFACE. The present volume differs from a text-book of seismology in giving brief, though detailed, accounts of individual earthquakes rather than a discussion of the phenomena and distribution of earthquakes in general. At the close of his Les Tremblements de Terre, Professor Fouqué has devoted a few chapters to some of the principal earthquakes between 1854 and 1887; and there are also the well-known chapters in Lyell's Principles of Geology dealing with earthquakes of a still earlier date. With these exceptions, there is no other work covering the same ground; and he who wishes to study any particular earthquake can only do so by reading long reports or series of papers written perhaps in several different languages. The object of this volume is to save him this trouble, and to present to him the facts that seem most worthy of his attention. The chapter on the Japanese earthquake is reprinted, with a few slight additions, from a paper published in the Geographical Journal, and I am indebted to the editor, not only for the necessary permission, but also for his courtesy in furnishing me with clichés of the blocks which illustrated the original paper. The editor of Knowledge has also allowed me to use a paper which appeared four years ago as the foundation of the ninth chapter in this book. CHARLES DAVISON. Birmingham, January, 1905. CONTENTS. PAGE CHAPTER I. Introduction 1CHAPTER II. The Neapolitan Earthquake of December 16th, 1857 7 CHAPTER III. The Ischian Earthquakes of March 4th, 1881, and July 28th, 1883 45 CHAPTER IV. The Andalusian Earthquake of December 25th, 1884 75 CHAPTER V. The Charleston Earthquake of August 31st, 1886 102 CHAPTER VI. The Riviera Earthquake of February 23rd, 1887 138 CHAPTER VII. The Japanese Earthquake of October 28th, 1891 177 CHAPTER VIII. The Hereford Earthquake of December 17th, 1896, and the Inverness Earthquake of September 18th, 1901 215 CHAPTER IX. The Indian Earthquake of June 12th, 1897 262 CHAPTER X. Conclusion 321 Index 349 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. PAGE 1. Diagram to illustrate Simple Harmonic Motion 4 2. Isoseismal Lines of the Neapolitan Earthquake 9 3. Diagram to illustrate Wave-path and Angle of Emergence 12 4. Diagram to illustrate Mallet's Method of determining Position of Epicentre 14 5. Plan of Cathedral Church at Potenza 16 6. Fallen Gate-pillars near Saponara 17 7. Model to illustrate the Motion of an Earth-particle during an Earthquake 19 8. Plan of Directions of Fall of Overturned Stone-lamps at Tokio during the Earthquake of 1894 19 9. Meizoseismal Area of Neapolitan Earthquake 22 10. Distribution of Death-rate within Meizoseismal Area of Neapolitan Earthquake 24 11. Diagram to illustrate Mallet's Method of determining Depth of Seismic Focus 2612. Vertical Section of Cathedral Church at Potenza 27 13. Diagram of Wave-paths at Seismic Vertical of Neapolitan Earthquake 29 14. Geological Sketch-map of Ischia 47 15. Isoseismal Lines of Ischian Earthquake of 1881 51 16. Isoseismal Lines of Ischian Earthquake of 1883 59 17. Diagram of Wave-paths at Seismic Vertical of Ischian Earthquake of 1883 62 18. Diagram showing connection between Depth of Focus and Rate of Decline in Intensity 68 19. Isoseismal Lines of Andalusian Earthquake according to Taramelli and Mercalli 79 20. Isoseismal Lines of Andalusian Earthquake according to Fouqué, etc. 81 21. Magnetograph Records of Andalusian Earthquake at Lisbon 83 22. Nature of Shock of Andalusian Earthquake 88 23. Diagram to illustrate Variation in Nature of Shock 89 24. Structure of Meizoseismal Area of Andalusian Earthquake 100 25. Isoseismal Lines of Charleston Earthquake 106 26. Curve of Intensity at Charleston 110 27. Flexure of Rails at Jedburgh 113 28. Epicentral Isoseismal Lines of Charleston Earthquake according to Sloan 118 29. Epicentral Isoseismal Lines of Charleston Earthquake according to Dutton 119 30. Planes of Oscillation of Stopped Pendulum Clocks at Charleston 121 31. Diagram to illustrate Dutton's Method of determining Depth of Seismic Focus 124 32. Diagram to explain Origin of Regions of Defective Intensity 136 33. Isoseismal Lines of Riviera Earthquake 144 34. Meizoseismal Area of Riviera Earthquake 148 35. Nature of Shock of Riviera Earthquake 152 36. Seismographic Record at Moncalieri 155 37. Distribution of Observatories at which Magnetographs were disturbed by Riviera Earthquake 158 38. Record of Tide-gauge at Nice 163 39. Record of Tide-gauge at Genoa 164 40. Distribution of Seismic Activity in the Riviera 172 41. Isoseismal Lines of Japanese Earthquake 178 42. Structure of Meizoseismal Area of Japanese Earthquake 180 43. Plan of Directions of Fall of Overturned Bodies at Nagoya 187 44. Map of Mean Directions of Shock and Isoseismal Lines in Central District of Japanese Earthquake 188 45. Meizoseismal Area of Japanese Earthquake 190 46. Fault-scarp near Fujitani 191 47. Fault-scarp at Midori 192 48. Displacement of Field-divisions by the Fault near Nishi-Katabira 193 49. Map of Swamp formed by Stoppage of River Toba by Fault-scarp 194 50. Shifting of Trees by Fault at Uméhara 195 51. Daily Frequency of After-shocks at Gifu and Nagoya 196 52. Monthly Frequency of After-shocks at Gifu 197 53. Distribution of Preliminary Shocks in Space 202 54. Distribution of After-shocks in Space, Nov.-Dec. 1891 203 55. Distribution of After-shocks in Space, Jan.-Feb. 1892 204 56. Distribution of After-shocks in Space, March-April 1892 205 57. Distribution of After-shocks in Space, May-June 1892 206 58. Distribution of Audible After-shocks in Space, Nov. 1891-Dec. 1892 208 59. Map of Adjoining Regions in which Seismic Activity was affected by Japanese Earthquake 210 60. Isoseismal and Isacoustic Lines of Hereford Earthquake 216 61. Nature of Shock of Hereford Earthquake 222 62. Coseismal Lines of Hereford Earthquake 228 63. Map of Minor Shocks of Hereford Earthquake 239 64. Geology of Meizoseismal Area of Hereford Earthquake 241 65. Isoseismal Lines of Inverness Earthquake 24866. Diagram to illustrate supposed Fault-displacement causing Inverness Earthquake 256 67. Map of Epicentres of After-shocks of Inverness Earthquake 258 68. Isoseismal Lines of Indian Earthquake 263 69. Section of Tombs in Cemetery at Cherrapunji 270 70. Time-curve of Indian Earthquake 278 71. Seismographic Record of Indian Earthquake at Rocca di Papa 282 72. Seismographic Record of Indian Earthquake at Edinburgh 283 73. Displacement of Alluvium at Foot of a Hill 287 74. Twisting of Monument at Chhatak 294 75. Epicentral Area of Indian Earthquake 303 76. Plan of Chedrang Fault 305 77. Re-triangulation of Khasi Hills 313 78. Diagram