Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 4 - "England" to "English Finance"

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition,Volume 9, Slice 4, by VariousThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.netTitle: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 4"England" to "English Finance"Author: VariousRelease Date: June 21, 2010 [EBook #32940]Language: English*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYC. BRITANNICA, VOL 9 SL 4 ***Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the OnlineDistributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.netTranscriber's note: One typographical error has been corrected. It appears in the text like this, and theexplanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked passage.Links to other EB articles: Links to articles residing in other EB volumes will be madeavailable when the respective volumes are introduced online. THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICAA DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE ANDGENERAL INFORMATIONELEVENTH EDITION VOLUME IX SLICE IVEngland to English Finance Articles in This SliceENGLAND ENGLEWOODENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF ENGLISH CHANNELENGLEFIELD, SIR FRANCIS ENGLISH FINANCEENGLEHEART, GEORGE ENGLAND. Geographical usage confines to the southern part of the island of Great Britain the name commonly given1to the great insular power of western ...

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• Publié par: micheg
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 18
• Langue: English

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia
Britannica, 11th Edition,
Volume 9, Slice 4, by Various
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no
cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net
Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume
9, Slice 4
"England" to "English Finance"
Author: Various
Release Date: June 21, 2010 [EBook #32940]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK
ENCYC. BRITANNICA, VOL 9 SL 4 ***
Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.netDistributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
One typographical error has been corrected. I
t appears in the text like this, and the explana
Tra
tion will appear when the mouse pointer is mo
nsc
ved over the marked passage.
rib
er's
Links to other EB articles: Links to articles res
not
iding in other EB volumes will be made availa
e:
ble when the respective volumes are introduc
ed online.

THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA
A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES,
LITERATURE AND GENERAL
INFORMATION
ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME IX SLICE IV
England to English Finance
Articles in This Slice
ENGLAND ENGLEWOOD
ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF ENGLISH CHANNEL
ENGLEFIELD, SIR FRANCIS ENGLISH FINANCE
ENGLEHEART, GEORGE
ENGLAND. Geographical usage confines to the
southern part of the island of Great Britain the name
commonly given to the great insular power of western
Europe.1 In this restricted sense the present article
deals with England, the predominant partner in the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, both as
containing the seat of government and in respect of
extent, population and wealth.
1. Topography.
England extends from the mouth of the Tweed in 55°
46′ N. to Lizard Point in 49° 57′ 30″ N., in a roughly
triangular form. The base of the triangle runs from the
South Foreland to Land’s End W. by S., a distance of
316 m. in a straight line, but 545 m. following the
larger curves of the coast. The east coast runs
N.N.W. from the South Foreland to Berwick, a
distance of 348 m., or, following the coast, 640 m. The
west coast runs N.N.E. from Land’s End to the head
of Solway Firth, a distance of 354 m., or following the
much-indented coast, 1225 m. The total length of the
coast-line may be put down as 2350 m.,2 out of which
515 m. belong to the western principality of Wales.3
The most easterly point is at Lowestoft, 1° 46′ E., themost westerly is Land’s End, in 5° 43′ W. The coasts
are nowhere washed directly by the ocean, except in
the extreme south-west; the south coast faces the
English Channel, which is bounded on the southern
side by the coast of France, the two shores
converging from 100 m. apart at the Lizard to 21 at
Dover. The east coast faces the shallow North Sea,
which widens from the point where it joins the Channel
to 375 m. off the mouth of the Tweed, the opposite
shores being occupied in succession by France,
Belgium, Holland, Germany and Denmark. The west
coast faces the Irish Sea, with a width varying from 45
to 130 m.
Area
Population.
Counties. Statute
1901.
Acres.
Bedfordshire 298,494 171,240
Berkshire 462,208 256,509
Buckinghamshire 475,682 195,764
Cambridgeshire 549,723 190,682
Cheshire 657,783 815,099
Cornwall 868,220 322,334
Cumberland 973,086 266,933
Derbyshire 658,885 620,322
Devonshire 1,667,154 661,314
Dorsetshire 632,270 202,936
Durham 649,352 1,187,361
Essex 986,975 1,085,771
Gloucestershire 795,709 634,729
Hampshire 1,039,031 797,634Herefordshire 537,363 114,380
Hertfordshire 406,157 250,152
Huntingdonshire 234,218 57,771
Kent 995,014 1,348,841
Lancashire 1,203,365 4,406,409
Leicestershire 527,123 434,019
Lincolnshire 1,693,550 498,847
Middlesex 181,320 3,585,323
Monmouthshire 341,688 292,317
Norfolk 1,308,439 460,120
Northamptonshire 641,992 338,088
Northumberland 1,291,530 603,498
Nottinghamshire 539,756 514,578
Oxfordshire 483,626 181,120
Rutland 97,273 19,709
Shropshire 859,516 239,324
Somersetshire 1,043,409 508,256
Staffordshire 749,602 1,234,506
Suffolk 952,710 384,293
Surrey 485,122 2,012,744
Sussex 933,887 605,202
Warwickshire 577,462 897,835
Westmorland 503,160 64,303
Wiltshire 879,943 273,869
Worcestershire 480,560 488,338
Yorkshire 3,882,328 3,584,762
Total 32,544,685 30,807,232
The area of England and Wales is 37,327,479 acres or58,324 sq. m. (England, 50,851 sq. m.), and the
population on this area in 1901 was 32,527,843
(England, 30,807,232). The principal territorial
divisions of England, as of Wales, Scotland and
Ireland, are the counties, of which England comprises
40. Their boundaries are not as a rule determined by
the physical features of the land; but localities are
habitually defined by the use of their names. A list of
the English counties (excluding Wales) is given in the
table above.4
Hills.—As an introduction to the discussion of the
natural regions into which England is divided (Section
II.), and for the sake of comparison of altitudes, size
of rivers and similar details, the salient geographical
features may be briefly summarized. The short land-
frontier of England with Scotland (its length is only 100
m.) is in great measure a physical boundary, as
considerable lengths of it are formed on the east side
by the river Tweed, and on the west by Kershope
Burn, Liddel Water, and the river Sark; while for the
rest it follows pretty closely the summit of the Cheviot
Hills, whose highest point is the Cheviot (2676 ft.). A
narrow but well-marked pass or depression, known as
the Tyne Gap, is taken to separate the Cheviot
system from the Pennine Chain, which is properly to
be described as a wide tract of hill-country, extending
through two degrees of latitude, on an axis from N. by
W. to S. by E. The highest point is Cross Fell (2930
ft.). On the north-west side of the Pennine system,
marked off from it by the upper valleys of the rivers
Eden and Lune, lies the circular hill-tract whose narrow
valleys, radiating from its centre somewhat like wheel-
spokes, contain the beautiful lakes which give it thecelebrated name of the Lake District. In this tract is
found the highest land in England, Scafell Pike
reaching 3210 ft. East of the Pennines, isolated on
three sides by lowlands and on the fourth side by the
North Sea, lie the highmoors of the North Riding of
Yorkshire, with the Cleveland Hills, and, to the south,
the Yorkshire Wolds of the East Riding. Neither of
these systems has any great elevation; the moors,
towards their north-western edge, reaching an
extreme of 1489 ft. in Urra Moor. The tableland called
the Peak of Derbyshire, in the south of the Pennine
system, is 2088 ft. in extreme height, but south of this
system an elevation of 2000 ft. is not found anywhere
in England save at a few points on the south Welsh
border and in Dartmoor, in the south-west. Wales, on
the other hand, projecting into the western sea
between Liverpool Bay and the estuary of the Dee on
the north, and the Bristol Channel on the south, is
practically all mountainous, and has in Snowdon, in the
north-west, a higher summit than any in England—
3560 ft. But the midlands, the west, and the south of
England, in spite of an absence of great elevation,
contain no plains of such extent as might make for
monotony. The land, generally undulating, is further
diversified with hills arranged in groups or ranges, a
common characteristic of which is a bold face on the
one hand and a long gentle slope, with narrow valleys
deeply penetrating, on the other. Southward from the
Pennines there may be mentioned, in the midlands,
the small elevated tract of Charnwood Forest (Bardon
Hill, 912 ft.) in Leicestershire, and Cannock Chase
(775 ft.) and the Clent Hills (928 ft.), respectively north
and south of the great manufacturing district of
Birmingham and Wolverhampton. Of the westerncounties, the southern half of Shropshire,
Herefordshire and Monmouthshire are generally hilly.
Among the Shropshire Hills may be mentioned the
isolated Wrekin (1335 ft.), Long Mynd (1674 ft.) and
the Clee Hills (Brown Clee, 1805 ft.). The long ridge of
the Black Mountain reaches an extreme height of
2310 ft. on the Welsh border of Herefordshire. The
Malvern Hills on the other side of the county, which,
owing to their almost isolated position among
lowlands, appear a far more prominent feature, reach
only 1395 ft. In western Monmouthshire, again
belonging to the south Welsh system, there are such
heights as Sugar Loaf (1955 ft.) and Coity (1905 ft.).
(Click to enlarge top section.)
(Click to enlarge bottom section.)
In the south midlands of England there are two main
ranges of hills, with axes roughly parallel. The western
range is the Cotteswold Hills of Gloucestershire and
the counties adjacent on the east run