Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 - "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon"

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• Publié par: thion
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 87
• Langue: English

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Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon"

Author: Various

Release Date: December 10, 2008 [EBook #27478]

Language: English

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYC. BRITANNICA, VOL 3, PART 1-1 ***

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Transcriber's note:

A few typographical errors have been corrected. They appear in the text like this, and the explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked passage. Sections in Greek or Hebrew will yield a transliteration when the pointer is moved over them, and words using diacritic characters in the Latin Extended Additional block, which may not display in some fonts or browsers, will display an unaccented version. Volume and page numbers are displayed in the margin as: v.03 p.0001

THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME III AUSTRIA LOWER to BISECTRIX [E-Text Edition of Volume III - Part 1 of 2, Slice 1 of 3 - AUSTRIA LOWER to BACON]

[1] INITIALS USED IN VOLUME III. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. C. P.

A. C. S.

A. F. P.

A. Go.*

A. G. G.

A. Hl.

A. H. N.

A. H.-S.

A. H. S.

A. J. L. A. L. A. N. A. P. H. A. Sp.

Anna C. Paues, Ph.D. Lecturer in Germanic Philology at Newnham College, Cambridge. Formerly Fellow of Newnham College. Author ofA Fourteenth Century Biblical Version; &c. Algernon Charles Swinburne. See biographical article: Swinburne, Algernon C. Albert Frederick Pollard, M.A., F.R.Hist.Soc. Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of theDictionary of National Biography, 1893-1901. Lothian prizeman (Oxford), 1892; Arnold prizeman, 1898. Author ofEngland under the Protector Somerset; Henry VIII.;Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c. Rev. Alexander Gordon, M.A. Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester. Sir Alfred George Greenhill, M.A., F.R.S. Formerly Professor of Mathematics in the Ordnance College, Woolwich. Author ofDifferential and Integral Calculus with Applications;Hydrostatics;Notes on Dynamics; &c. Arthur Hassall, M.A. Student and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford. Author ofA Handbook of European History;The Balance of Power; &c. Editor of the 3rd edition of T. H. Dyer'sHistory of Modern Europe. Albert Henry Newman, LL.D., D.D. Professor of Church History, Baylor University, Texas. Professor at McMaster University, Toronto, 1881-1901. Author ofThe Baptist Churches in the United States;Manual of Church History;A Century of Baptist Achievement. Sir A. Houtum-Schindler, C.I.E. General in the Persian Army. Author ofEastern Persian Irak. Rev. Archibald Henry Sayce, D.Litt., LL.D. See the biographical article: SAYCE, A. H.

Andrew Jackson Lamoureux. Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Editor of theRio News(Rio de Janeiro), 1879-1901. Andrew Lang. See the biographical article: Lang, Andrew. Alfred Newton, F.R.S. See the biographical article: Newton, Alfred. Alfred Peter Hillier, M.D., M.P. President, South African Medical Congress, 1893. Author ofSouth African Studies; &c. Served in Kaffir War, 1878-1879. Partner with Dr L. S. Jameson in medical practice in South Africa till 1896. Member of Reform Committee, Johannesburg, and Political Prisoner at Pretoria, 1895-1896. M.P. for Hitchin division of Herts, 1910. Archibald Sharp. Consulting Engineer and Chartered Patent Agent. A. St H. G.Alfred St Hill Gibbons. Major, East Yorkshire Regiment. Explorer in South Central Africa. Author ofAfrica from South to North through Marotseland. Arthur Willey, F.R.S., D.Sc.

A. W.*

Bible, English.

Beaumont and Fletcher.

Balnaves; Barnes, Robert; Bilney.

Beza.

Ballistics.

Austria-Hungary:History(in part).

Baptists:American.

Azerbāijān; Bakhtiari; Bander Abbāsi; Barfurush. Babylon; Babylonia and Assyria; Belshazzar; Berossus. Bahia:State; Bahia:City.

Ballads.

Birds of Paradise.

Basutoland:History(in part); Bechuanaland (in part).

Bicycle.

Barotse, Barotseland.

Balanoglossus.

A. W. H.* A. W. Po. B. K. C. C. A. C. C. B.* C. F. A. C. F. B. C. H. T.

Director of Colombo Museum, Ceylon. Arthur William Holland. Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900. Alfred William Pollard, M.A. Assistant Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum. Fellow of King's College, London. Hon. Secretary Bibliographical Society. Editor of Books about Books; andBibliographica. Joint-editor of theLibrary. Chief Editor of the "Globe"Chaucer. Prince Bojidar Karageorgevitch (d. 1908). Artist, art critic, designer and goldsmith. Contributor to the ParisFigaro, theMagazine of Art, &c. Author ofEnchanted India. Translator of the works of Tolstoi and Jokai, &c. The Earl of Crewe, K.G., F.S.A. See the biographical article: Crewe, 1st Earl of. Charles Arthur Conant. Member of Commission on International Exchange of U.S., 1903. Treasurer, Morton Trust Co., New York, 1902-1906. Author ofHistory of Modern Banks of Issue;The Principles of Money and Banking; &c. Charles Bémont, D. ès L., Litt.D. (Oxon.). See the biographical article: Bémont, C. Charles Francis Atkinson. Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London (Royal Fusiliers). Author ofThe Wilderness and Cold Harbour. Charles Francis Bastable, M.A., LL.D. Regius Professor of Laws and Professor of Political Economy in the University of Dublin. Author ofPublic Finance;Commerce of Nations; Theory of International Trade; &c. Cuthbert Hamilton Turner, M.A. Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford; Fellow of the British Academy. Speaker's Lecturer in Biblical Studies in the University of Oxford, 1906- 1909. First Editor of theJournal of Theological Studies, 1899-1902. Author of "Chronology of the New Testament," and "Greek Patristic Commentaries on the Pauline Epistles" in Hastings'Dictionary of the Bible, &c. C. H. W. J.Rev. Claude Hermann Walter Johns, M.A., Litt.D. Master of St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Lecturer in Assyriology, Queens' College, Cambridge, and King's College, London. Author of Assyrian Deeds and Documents of the 7th Century B.C. ;The Oldest Code of Laws;Babylonian and Assyrian Laws;Contracts and Letters; &c. Sir Charles James Lyall, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D. (Edin.). Secretary, Judicial and Public Department, India Office. Fellow of King's College, London. Secretary to Government of India in Home Department, 1889-1894. Chief Commissioner, Central Provinces, India, 1895-1898. Author ofTranslations of Ancient Arabic Poetry; &c. Chedomille Mijatovich. Senator of the Kingdom of Servia. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the King of Servia to the Court of St James's, 1895- 1900, and 1902-1903. Rev. Charles Plummer, M.A. Fellow and Chaplain of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1901. Author ofLife and Times of Alfred the Great; &c. Charles Raymond Beazley, M.A., D.Litt., F.R.G.S., F.R.Hist.S. Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in the History of Geography. Lothian prizeman (Oxford), 1889. Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author ofHenry the Navigator;The Dawn of Modern Geography; &c. Sir Charles William Wilson, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (1836-1907). Major-General, Royal Engineers. Secretary to the North American Boundary Commission, 1858-1862. British Commissioner on the Servian Boundary Commission. Director-General of the Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894. Director-General of Military Education, 1895-1898. Author ofFrom Korti to Khartoum;Life of Lord Clive; &c.

C. J. L. C. Mi. C. Pl. C. R. B. C. W. W.

Austria-Hungary:History(in part); Bavaria:History(in part). Bibliography and Bibliology.

Bashkirtseff.

Banville.

Banks and Banking: American.

Baluze; Béarn.

Austrian Succession War: Military.

Bimetallism.

Bible:New Testament Chronology.

Babylonian Law.

Bihārī Lāl.

Belgrade.

Bede.

Beatus; Behaim.

Beirut (in part)

D. B. Ma.

D. C. B.

D. F. T.

D. G. H.

D. H.

D. Mn.

D. S. M.*

D. S.-S.

E. B.

E. Br.

E. Cl.

E. C. B.

E. F. S.

E. G.

E. G. B.

E. H. M.

Ed. M.

Duncan Black Macdonald, D.D. Professor of Semitic Languages, Hartford Theological Seminary, U.S.A. Demetrius Charles Boulger. Author ofEngland and Russia in Central Asia;History of China;Life of Gordon;India in the 19th Century;History of Belgium;Belgian Life in Town and Country; &c. Donald Francis Tovey. Balliol College, Oxford. Author ofEssays in Musical Analysis— comprisingThe Classical Concerto,The Goldberg Variations, and analyses of many other classical works. David George Hogarth, M.A. Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at Paphos, 1888; Naukratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; Assiut, 1906- 1907. Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900; Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899. David Hannay. Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author ofShort History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688;Life of Emilio Castelar; &c. Rev. Dugald Macfadyen, M.A. Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Director of the London Missionary Society. David Samuel Margoliouth, M.A., D.Litt. Laudian Professor of Arabic, Oxford; Fellow of New College. Author of Arabic Papyri of the Bodleian Library;Mohammed and the Rise of Islam;Cairo, Jerusalem and Damascus. David Seth-Smith, F.Z.S. Curator of Birds to the Zoological Society of London. Formerly President of the Avicultural Society. Author ofParrakeets, a Practical Handbook to those Species kept in Captivity. Edward Breck, Ph.D. Formerly Foreign Correspondent of theNewYork Heraldand theNew York Times. Author ofWilderness Pets. Ernest Barker, M.A. Fellow and Lecturer of St John's College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven Scholar (Oxford), 1895. Edward Clodd. Vice-President of the Folk-Lore Society. Author ofStory of Primitive Man;Primer of Evolution;Tom Tit Tot;Animism;Pioneers of Evolution. Right Rev. Edward Cuthbert Butler, O.S.B., D.Litt. (Dubl.). Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath.

Edward Fairbrother Strange. Assistant-Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Member of Council, Japan Society. Author of numerous works on art subjects; Joint-editor of Bell's "Cathedral" Series. Edmund Gosse, LL.D. See the biographical article: Gosse, Edmund.

Edward Granville Browne, M.A., M.R.C.S., M.R.A.S. Sir Thomas Adams's Professor of Arabic and Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge. Fellow of the British Academy. Author ofA Traveller's Narrative, written to Illustrate the Episode of the Báb;The NewHistory of Mirzá Ali Muhammed the Báb;Literary History of Persia; &c. Ellis Hovell Minns, M.A. Lecturer and Assistant Librarian, and formerly Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge. University Lecturer in Palaeography. Eduard Meyer, D.Litt. (Oxon.), LL.D., Ph.D. Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author of Geschichte des Alterthums;Geschichte des alten Ägyptens;Die

Bairam

Belgium:Geography and Statistics.

Bach, J. S.; Beethoven.

Baalbek; Barca; Beirut (in part); Bengazi.

Austrian Succession War: Naval; Avilés; Bainbridge, William; Barbary Pirates. Berry, Charles Albert.

Axum.

Aviary.

Base-Ball.

Baldwin I. to IV. of Jerusalem.

Baer.

Basilian Monks; Benedict of Nursia; Benedictines; St Bernardin of Siena. Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent.

Baggesen; Ballade; Barnfield; Beaumont, Sir John; Belgium:Literature; Biography. Bábiism.

Bastarnae.

Bactria; Bagoas; Bahran; Balash; Behistun.

E. Ma. E. M. T. E. N. S. E. Pr. E. Tn. E. V. F. C. B. F. C. C. F. G.

Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstamme; &c. Edward Manson. Barrister-at-Law. Joint-editor ofJournal of Comparative Legislation, Author ofShort Viewof the Lawof Bankruptcy; &c. Sir Edward Maunde Thompson, G.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D. Director and Principal Librarian, British Museum, 1888-1909. Fellow of the British Academy. Corresponding Member of the Institute of France and of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences. Author ofHandbook of Greek and Latin Palaeography. Editor of theChronicon Angliae, &c. Joint-editor ofPublications of the Palaeographical Society. E. N. Stockley. Captain, Royal Engineers. Instructor in Construction at the School of Military Engineering, Chatham. For some time in charge of the Barracks Design Branch of the War Office. Edgar Prestage. Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of Manchester. Commendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences and Lisbon Geographical Society. Rev. Ethelred Leonard Taunton (d. 1907). Author ofThe English Black Monks of St Benedict;History of the Jesuits in England. Rev. Edmund Venables, M.A., D.D. (1819-1895). Canon and Precentor of Lincoln. Author ofEpiscopal Palaces of England. Francis Crawford Burkitt, M.A., D.D. Norrisian Professor of Divinity, Cambridge. Fellow of the British Academy. Part-editor ofThe Four Gospels in Syriac transcribed from the Sinaitic Palimpsest. Author ofThe Gospel History and its Transmission;Early Eastern Christianity; &c. Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, M.A., D.Th. (Giessen). Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Author ofThe Ancient Armenian Texts of Aristotle;Myth, Magic and Morals; &c. Frederick Greenwood. See the biographical article: Greenwood, Frederick. F. G. M. B.Frederick George Meeson Beck, M.A. Fellow and Lecturer of Clare College, Cambridge. Francis Llewelyn Griffith, M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A. Reader in Egyptology, Oxford. Editor of theArchaeological Surveyand Archaeological Reportsof the Egypt Exploration Fund. Fellow of the Imperial German Archaeological Institute. Lady Lugard. See the biographical article: Lugard, Sir F. J. D. Frank Podmore, M.A. (d. 1910). Pembroke College, Oxford. Author ofStudies in Psychical Research; Modern Spiritualism; &c. Frank R. Cana. Author ofSouth Africa from the Great Trek to the Union.

F. Ll. G. F. L. L. F. P. F. R. C.

F. R. M.

F. W. R.*

G. A. B.

G. A. Gr.

Francis Richard Maunsell, C.M.G. Lieut.-Col., Royal Artillery. Military Vice-Consul, Sivas, Trebizond, Van (Kurdistan), 1897-1898. Military Attaché, British Embassy, Constantinople, 1901-1905. Author ofCentral Kurdistan; &c. Frederick William Rudler, I.S.O., F.G.S. Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London, 1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889. George A. Boulenger, F.R.S., D.Sc., Ph.D. In charge of the Collections of Reptiles and Fishes, Department of Zoology, British Museum. Vice-President of the Zoological Society of London. George Abraham Grierson, C.I.E., Ph.D. D.Litt. (Dublin). Member of the Indian Civil Service, 1873-1903. In charge of Linguistic Survey of India, 1898-1902. Gold Medallist, Asiatic Society, 1909.

Bankruptcy:Comparative Law

Autographs.

Barracks.

Azurara; Barros.

Baronius.

Basilica (in part).

Bible:New Testament, Higher Criticism.

Baptism.

Beaconsfield, Earl of.

Bernicia.

Bes.

Bauchi.

Automatic Writing.

Basutoland (in part); Bahr-el- Ghazal (in part); Bechuanaland (in part). Baiburt; Bashkala.

Aventurine; Beryl.

Axolotl; Batrachia.

Bengali; Bihari.

G. B. B.

G. B. G.*

G. E.

G. F. Z.

G. G. S.

G. H. C.

G. Sa.

G. W. T.

H. Br.

H. Ch.

H. C. R.

H. Fr.

H. F. G.

H. H. H.*

H. H. J.

H. M. R.

H. M. W.

H. N. D.

Vice-President of the Royal Asiatic Society. Formerly Fellow of Calcutta University. Author ofThe Languages of India; &c. Gerard Baldwin Brown, M.A. Professor of Fine Arts, University of Edinburgh. Formerly Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Author ofFrom Schola to Cathedral;The Fine Arts; &c. George Buchanan Gray, M.A., D.D., D.Litt. (Oxon.) Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis, Mansfield College, Oxford. Examiner in Hebrew, University of Wales. Author ofThe Divine Discipline of Israel; &c. Rev. George Edmundson, M.A., F.R.Hist.S. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1909. Hon. Member Dutch Historical Society, and Foreign Member, Netherlands Association of Literature. G. F. Zimmer, A.M.Inst.C.E. Author ofMechanical Handling of Material. George Gregory Smith, M.A. Professor of English Literature, Queen's University, Belfast. Author of The Days of James IV.;The Transition Period;Specimens of Middle Scots; &c. George Herbert Carpenter, B.Sc. Professor of Zoology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin. President of the Association of Economic Biologists. Member of the Royal Irish Academy. Author ofInsects: their Structure and Life; &c. George Edward Bateman Saintsbury, LL.D., D.Litt. See the biographical article: Saintsbury, G. E. B. Rev. Griffithes Wheeler Thatcher, M.A., B.D. Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford.

Henry Bradley, M.A., Ph.D. Joint-editor of theNewEnglish Dictionary(Oxford). Fellow of the British Academy. Author ofThe Story of the Goths;The Making of English; &c. Hugh Chisholm, M.A. Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the 11th edition of theEncyclopaedia Britannica. Co-editor of the 10th edition. Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Bart., K.C.B. See the biographical article: Rawlinson, Sir H. C. Henri Frantz. Art Critic,Gazette des Beaux Arts(Paris). Hans Friedrich Gadow, F.R.S., Ph.D. Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of Cambridge. Author of "Amphibia and Reptiles" in theCambridge Natural History. Herbert Hensley Henson, M.A., D.D. Canon of Westminster Abbey and Rector of St Margaret's, Westminster. Proctor in Convocation since 1902. Formerly Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Select Preacher (Oxford), 1895-1896; (Cambridge), 1901. Author ofApostolic Christianity;Moral Discipline in the Christian Church;The National Church;Christ and the Nation; &c. Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston, D.Sc., G.C.M.G., K.C.B. See the biographical article: Johnston, Sir H. H. Hugh Munro Ross. Formerly Exhibitioner of Lincoln College, Oxford. Editor ofThe Times Engineering Supplement. Author ofBritish Railways. H. Marshall Ward, M.A., F.R.S., D.Sc. (d. 1905). Formerly Professor of Botany, Cambridge. President of the British Mycological Society. Author ofTimber and some of its Diseases;The Oak;Sach's Lectures the Physiology of Plants;Grasses;Disease in Plants; &c. Henry Newton Dickson, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.G.S. Professor of Geography, University College, Reading. Author of

Basilica (in part).

Bible:Old Testament, Textual Criticism, andHigher Criticism

Belgium:History.

Biscuit.

Barbour, John.

Bee.

Balzac, H. de.

Avempace; Averroes; Avicenna; Baidāwī; Balādhurī; Behā ud-Dīn; Behā ud-Din Zuhair; Bīrūnī. Beowulf.

Balfour, A. J.

Bagdad:City.

Barye; Bastien-Lepage; Baudry, P. J. A. Bird.

Bible, English:Revised Version.

Bantu Languages.

Bell:House Bell.

Bacteriology (in part); Berkeley, Miles Joseph.

Baltic Sea.

Elementary Meteorology;Papers on Oceanography; &c. H. W. C. D.Henry William Carless Davis, M.A. Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls', Oxford, 1895-1902. Author ofCharlemagne;England under the Normans and Angevins, 1066-1272. H. W. S.H. Wickham Steed. Correspondent ofThe Timesat Rome (1897-1902) and Vienna. I. A.Israel Abrahams, M.A. Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of Cambridge. President, Jewish Historical Society of England. Author ofA Short History of Jewish Literature;Jewish Life in the Middle Ages; &c. J. An.Joseph Anderson, LL.D. Keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh, and Assistant Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Honorary Professor of Antiquities to the Royal Scottish Academy. Author of Scotland in Early Christian and Pagan Times. J. A. H.John Allen Howe, B.Sc. Curator and Librarian at the Museum of Practical Geology, London.

J. B. B.

J. D. B.

J. F.-K.

J. F. St.

J. H. R.

J. Hl. R.

J. M. M.

J. P.-B.

J. G. Sc.

J. P. E.

J. P. Pe.

J. R. P.

John Bagnell Bury, LL.D., Litt.D. See the biographical article: Bury, J. B.

James David Bourchier, M.A., F.R.G.S. King's College, Cambridge. Correspondent ofThe Timesin South- Eastern Europe. Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of Montenegro and of the Saviour of Greece, and Officer of the Order of St Alexander of Bulgaria. James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, Litt.D., F.R.Hist.S. Gilmour Professor of Spanish Language and Literature, Liverpool University. Norman McColl Lecturer, Cambridge University. Fellow of the British Academy. Member of the Council of the Hispanic Society of America. Knight Commander of the Order of Alphonso XII. Author ofA History of Spanish Literature. John Frederick Stenning, M.A. Dean and Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. University Lecturer in Aramaic. Lecturer in Divinity and Hebrew at Wadham College. John Horace Round, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.). Author ofFeudal England;Studies in Peerage and Family History; Peerage and Pedigree; &c. John Holland Rose, M.A., Litt.D. Christ's College, Cambridge. Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local Lectures Syndicate. Author ofLife of Napoleon I.;Napoleonic Studies;The Development of the European Nations;The Life of Pitt; &c. John Malcolm Mitchell. Sometime Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Lecturer in Classics, East London College (University of London). Joint editor of Grote's History of Greece. James George Joseph Penderel-Brodhurst. Editor of theGuardian(London). Sir James George Scott, K.C.I.E. Superintendent and Political Officer, Southern Shan States. Author of Burma, a Handbook;The Upper Burma Gazetteer, &c. Jean Paul Hippolyte Emmanuel Adhémar Esmein. Professor of Law in the University of Paris. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Member of the Institute of France. Author ofCours eléméntaire d'histoire du droit français; &c. Rev. John Punnett Peters, Ph.D., D.D. Canon Residentiary, Cathedral of New York. Formerly Professor of Hebrew, University of Pennsylvania. In charge of Expedition of University of Pennsylvania conducting excavations at Nippur, 1888- 1895. Author ofScriptures, Hebrewand Christian;Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates; &c. Sir John Rahere Paget, Bart., K.C.

Becket; Benedictus Abbas.

Austria-Hungary:History(in part); Bertani. Bahya.

Barrow.

Avonian; Bajocian; Barton Beds; Bathonian Series; Bed: Geology. Baldwin I. and II.:of Romania; Basil I. and II.:Emperors; Belisarius. Balkan Peninsula.

Ayala y Herrera; Bello.

Bible:Old Testament: Texts and Versions.

Baron; Baronet; Battle Abbey Roll; Bayeux Tapestry; Beauchamp. Barras; Beauharnais, Eugène de.

Bacon, Francis (in part); Berkeley, George (in part).

Bed:Furniture; Bérain.

Bhamo.

Bailiff:Bailli; Basoche.

Bagdad:Vilayet; Bagdad: City; Basra.

Banks and Banking:English

J. Sm.*

J. S. F.

J. T. Be.

J. Vn.

J. V. B.

J. W. He.

K. L.

K. S.

L. A.

L. P.*

L. J. S.

L. V.*

L. W. K.

M. A. C.

M. Br.

M. D. Ch.

M. G.

Bencher of the Inner Temple. Formerly Gilbart Lecturer on Banking. Author ofThe Lawof Banking; &c. John Smith, C.B. Formerly Inspector-General in Companies' Liquidation, 1890-1904, and Inspector-General in Bankruptcy. John Smith Flett, D.Sc., F.G.S. Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society of London. John T. Bealby. Joint author of Stanford'sEurope. Formerly Editor of theScottish Geographical Magazine. Translator of Sven Hedin'sThrough Asia, Central Asia and Tibet, &c. Julien Vinson. Formerly Professor of Hindustani and Tamil at the École des Langues Orientales, Paris. Author ofLe Basque et les langues mexicaines; &c. James Vernon Bartlet, M.A., D.D. (St Andrews). Professor of Church History, Mansfield College, Oxford. Author ofThe Apostolic Age; &c. James Wycliffe Headlam, M.A. Staff Inspector of Secondary Schools under the Board of Education. Formerly Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Professor of Greek and Ancient History at Queen's College, London. Author ofBismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire; &c. Rev. Kirsopp Lake, M.A. Lincoln College, Oxford. Professor of Early Christian Literature and New Testament Exegesis in the University of Leiden. Author ofThe Text of the NewTestament;The Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus Christ; &c. Kathleen Schlesinger. Author ofThe Instruments of the Orchestra.

Lyman Abbott, D.D. See the biographical article: Abbott, L. Louis Marie Olivier Duchesne. See the biographical article: Duchesne, L. M. O. Leonard James Spencer, M.A., F.G.S. Assistant, Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, South Kensington. Formerly Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar. Editor of theMineralogical Magazine. Luigi Villari. Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Dept.). Formerly Newspaper Correspondent in East of Europe. Author ofItalian Life in Town and Country; &c. Leonard William King, M.A., F.S.A. Assistant to the Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum. Lecturer in Assyrian at King's College, London. Conducted Excavations at Kuyunjik (Nineveh) for British Museum. Author of Assyrian Chrestomathy;Annals of the Kings of Assyria;Studies in Eastern History;Babylonian Magic and Sorcery; &c. Maurice A. Canney, M.A. Assistant Lecturer in Semitic Languages in the University of Manchester. Formerly Exhibitioner of St John's College, Oxford. Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew Scholar (Oxford), 1892; Kennicott Hebrew Scholar, 1895; Houghton Syriac Prize, 1896. Margaret Bryant.

Sir Mackenzie Dalzell Chalmers, K.C.B., C.S.I., M.A. Trinity College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Permanent Under- Secretary of State for Home Department. Author ofDigest of the Lawof Bills of Exchange; &c. Moses Gaster, Ph.D. (Leipzig). Chief Rabbi of the Sephardic Communities of England. Vice-President,

Law.

Bankruptcy.

Basalt; Batholite.

Baikal; Bessarabia (in part)

Basques (in part).

Barnabas.

Austria-Hungary:History; Bamberger; Bebel; Benedetti; Beust.

Bible:New Testament: Texts and VersionsandTextual Criticism.

Bagpipe; Banjo; Barbiton; Barrel-organ; Bass Clarinet; Basset Horn; Bassoon; Batyphone. Beecher, Henry Ward.

Benedict (I.-X.)

Autunite; Axinite; Azurite; Barytes; Bauxite; Biotite.

Azeglio; Bandiera, A. and E.; Bassi, Ugo; Bentivoglio, Giovanni.

Babylonia and Assyria: Chronology.

Baur.

Beaumont and Fletcher: Appendix. Bill of Exchange.

Bassarab.

M. H. C.

M. Ja.

M. P.*

N. B. W.

N. H. M.

N. M.

N. V.

N. W. T.

O. Ba.

O. Br. O. Hr.

P. A.

P. A. A.

P. A. K.

P. C. M.

P. C. Y.

P. Gi.

P. S.

Zionist Congress, 1898, 1899, 1900. Ilchester Lecturer at Oxford on Slavonic and Byzantine Literature, 1886 and 1891. Author ofA New HebrewFragment of Ben-Sira;The HebrewVersion of the Secretum Secretorum of Aristotle. Montague Hughes Crackanthorpe, K.C., D.C.L. Honorary Fellow, St John's College, Oxford. Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. President of the Eugenics Education Society. Formerly Member of the General Council of the Bar and of the Council of Legal Education, and Standing Counsel to the University of Oxford. Morris Jastrow, Ph.D. Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Pennsylvania. Author of Religion of the Babylonians and Assyrians; &c.

Léon Jacques Maxime Prinet. Auxiliary of the Institute of France (Academy of Moral and Political Sciences), Author ofL'Industrie du sel en Franche-Comté.

N. B. Wagle. Formerly Lecturer on Sanskrit at the Robert Money Institution, Bombay. Vice-President of the London Indian Society. Author ofIndustrial Development of India; &c. Rev. Newton Herbert Marshall., M.A., Ph.D. (Halle). Minister of Heath Street Baptist Church, Hampstead, London. Author of Gegenwartige Richtungen der Religionsphilosophie in England; Theology and Truth. Norman McLean, M.A. Fellow, Lecturer and Librarian of Christ's College, Cambridge. University Lecturer in Aramaic. Examiner for the Oriental Languages Tripos and the Theological Tripos at Cambridge. Joseph Marie Noel Valois. Member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Honorary Archivist at the Archives Nationales. Formerly President of the Société de l'Histoire de France and of the Société de l'École de Chartes. Northcote Whitbridge Thomas, M.A. Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding Member of the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris. Author ofThought Transference;Kinship and Marriage in Australia; &c. Oswald Barron, F.S.A. Editor of TheAncestor, 1902-1905. Oscar Briliant. Otto Henker, Ph.D. On the Staff of the Carl Zeiss Factory, Jena, Germany. Paul Daniel Alphandéry. Professor of the History of Dogma, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Sorbonne, Paris. Author ofLes Idées morales chez les hétérodoxes e latines au début du XIII siècle. Philip A. Ashworth, M.A., Doc.Juris. New College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Translator of H. R. von Gneist's History of the English Constitution. Prince Peter Alexeivitch Kropotkin. See the biographical article: Kropotkin, P. A. Peter Chalmers Mitchell, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., D.Sc., LL.D. Secretary to the Zoological Society of London. University Demonstrator in Comparative Anatomy and Assistant to Linacre Professor at Oxford, 1888-1891. Examiner in Zoology to the University of London, 1903. Author ofOutlines of Biology; &c. Philip Chesney Yorke, M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford. Peter Giles, M.A., Litt.D., LL.D. Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. University Reader in Comparative Philology. Formerly Secretary of the Cambridge Philological Society. Author ofManual of Comparative Philology; &c. Philip Schidrowitz, Ph.D., F.C.S.

Bering Sea Arbitration.

Babylonia and Assyria: Proper Names; Babylonian and Assyrian Religion; Bel; Belit. Avaray; Bar-le-Duc; Batarnay; Bauffremont; Beauharnais; Beaujeu; Beauvillier; Bellegarde:Family. Bhau Daji.

Baptists.

Bardaisān; Bar-Hebraeus; Bar-Salībī.

Basel, Council of; Benedict XIII. (anti-pope).

Automatism.

Beard; Berkeley (Family); Bill (Weapon). Austria-Hungary:Statistics. Binocular Instrument.

Auto-da-Fé.

Bavaria:Statistics; Berlin.

Baikal; Baku; Bessarabia (in part). Biogenesis; Biology.

Balfour, Sir James.

B.

Beer.