A detailed study of the H.E.S.S. data from the Galactic Center region [Elektronische Ressource] / put forward by Daniil Nekrassov
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A detailed study of the H.E.S.S. data from the Galactic Center region [Elektronische Ressource] / put forward by Daniil Nekrassov

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Dissertationsubmitted to theCombined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematicsof theRuperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germanyfor the degree ofDoctor of Natural SciencesPut forward byDipl.-Phys.: Daniil Nekrassovborn in: Moscow, RussiaOral examination: 21 May 2010A detailed study ofThe H.E.S.S. data from theGalactic Center regionReferees: Prof. Dr. Werner HofmannProf. Dr. Heinz V¨olkAbstractThe High Energy Stereoscopic System, H.E.S.S., is an array of four imaging atmosphericCherenkov telescopes, located in the Khomas highlands of Namibia, designed for the ex-ploration of very high-energy (E > 100 GeV) γ-ray emission in the universe, arising innon-thermal processes. Its location in the southern hemisphere renders sensitive obser-vations of a large region of the Galactic Plane possible. In particular, a deep exposureof the Galactic Center region allows detailed studies of the observed emission, helping toidentify the sources of the radiation and the physics processes at play. In this thesis, newmethods are developed to study both the morphological and spectral properties of dif-fuse very high-energy γ-ray emission from the Galactic Center region. Assuming that theradiation originates from hadronic interactions of diffusing cosmic rays with the ambientmatter, this study helps to constrain the parameter space of cosmic-ray diffusion in theGalacticCenterregion.

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Publié par
Publié le 01 janvier 2010
Nombre de lectures 10
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 8 Mo

Extrait

Dissertation
submitted to the
Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics
of the
Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany
for the degree of
Doctor of Natural Sciences
Put forward by
Dipl.-Phys.: Daniil Nekrassov
born in: Moscow, Russia
Oral examination: 21 May 2010A detailed study of
The H.E.S.S. data from the
Galactic Center region
Referees: Prof. Dr. Werner Hofmann
Prof. Dr. Heinz V¨olkAbstract
The High Energy Stereoscopic System, H.E.S.S., is an array of four imaging atmospheric
Cherenkov telescopes, located in the Khomas highlands of Namibia, designed for the ex-
ploration of very high-energy (E > 100 GeV) γ-ray emission in the universe, arising in
non-thermal processes. Its location in the southern hemisphere renders sensitive obser-
vations of a large region of the Galactic Plane possible. In particular, a deep exposure
of the Galactic Center region allows detailed studies of the observed emission, helping to
identify the sources of the radiation and the physics processes at play. In this thesis, new
methods are developed to study both the morphological and spectral properties of dif-
fuse very high-energy γ-ray emission from the Galactic Center region. Assuming that the
radiation originates from hadronic interactions of diffusing cosmic rays with the ambient
matter, this study helps to constrain the parameter space of cosmic-ray diffusion in the
GalacticCenterregion. Thesecondpartofthisworkintroducesnewmethodstosearchfor
signals of Dark Matter annihilations, putting upper-limits on the production of spectral
line features in the H.E.S.S. Galactic Center data. Finally, an upper-limit on the total
annihilation cross-section of Dark Matter particles is derived.
Kurzfassung
H.E.S.S. ist ein System aus vier abbildenden Cherenkov-Teleskopen und untersucht sehr
hochenergetische (E > 100 GeV) Gammastrahlung aus dem Universum, die bei nicht-
thermischen Prozessen entsteht. Aufgrund seiner Lage in der Sud-Hemisphare kann das¨ ¨
H.E.S.S.-Experiment sehr empfindliche Beobachtungen von einem großen Teil der Ga-
laktischen Ebene durchfuhren. Die große Menge an gesammelten Daten aus der Region¨
des Galaktischen Zentrums erlaubt detaillierte Studien der dort detektierten Emission, die
dazudienen,denUrsprungderStrahlungsowiediedortstattfindendenphysikalischenPro-
zesse zu untersuchen. Neuentwickelte Methoden fu¨r die Analyse der diffusen Emission aus
dem Galaktischen Zentrum ermoglichen eine weitgehende Einschrankung der Diffusions-¨ ¨
Parameterfu¨rdiehadronischekosmischeStrahlung,fallsdiesefu¨rdiebeobachteteGamma-
Emission verantwortlich ist. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit handelt von der Analyse der Daten
im Bezug auf mogliche Signale von Paar-Annihilation der Dunklen Materie in der gleichen¨
Region, die zur Bestimmung der oberen Grenzen sowohl fu¨r einen mo¨glichen Fluß-Beitrag
durch spektrale Signaturen als auch fur den gesamten Wechselwirkungsquerschnitt der¨
Paar-Annihilation fu¨hrt.Contents
List of Figures III
List of Tables VII
Preface 1
1 Non-thermal phenomena in the Galactic Center Region 3
1.1 Morphology and main components of the Galactic Center region . . . . . . 3
1.2 TeV observations of the Sgr A region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 Detection in TeV γ-rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Related observations at other wavelengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.3 Interpretation of the origin of very high-energy γ-ray emission. . . . 12
1.3 Other sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4 Diffuse emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5 Galactic Center halo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.6 Open questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 Detection of very high-energy γ-rays with H.E.S.S. 19
2.1 Air showers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.1 Electromagnetic air showers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.2 Hadronic air showers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.3 Cherenkov radiation from air showers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2 H.E.S.S. experiment and the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique . . 22
2.2.1 Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov techique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.2 The H.E.S.S. experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 H.E.S.S. data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.1 Data taking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.2 Data preparation and calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.3 Event reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.4 Event selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.5 Background subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.6 Spectrum reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 Analysis of the diffuse emission from the Galactic Center Region 35
3.1 Theoretical background and modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.1 Short overview of propagation models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.2 Cosmic ray diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.3 Diffusion model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 Analysis of H.E.S.S. data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.1 Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
IContents
3.2.2 Study of the diffuse emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2.3 Improvement on parameter space restriction using the energy infor-
mation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3 Interpretation and conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4 Search for γ-rays from Dark Matter annihilations in the Galactic Center halo 83
4.1 Evidences for the existence of Dark Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.2 γ-rays from DM interactions in space and their observations . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2.1 DM particle candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2.2 DM density distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.3 Searches for DM signals performed by IACTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2.4 New approach: Search for spectral features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3 Development of the peak search algorithm and application to the GC halo . 90
4.3.1 Calculation of the spectral distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3.2 Development of the peak search procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.3.3 Application to the H.E.S.S. data from the GC halo . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.3.4 Background subtraction for the GC halo: The reflected pixel method 100
4.3.5 Combination of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.4 Determination of upper limits onhσvi for a continuum spectrum . . . . . . 103
4.5 Discussion and conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5 Summary and outlook 113
A Supplementary information for the diffuse emission analysis 115
A.1 Supplementary figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
A.2 Standard spectral analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
B Supplementary information for the dark matter analysis 133
B.1 Supplementary figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
B.2 Analysis of off-data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Bibliography 147
IIList of Figures
1.1 Galactic Center region in radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 Galactic Center region in infrared and X-rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Molecular clouds in the Galactic Center region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Galactic Center region in VHE γ-rays in 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Compilation of spectral points for HESS J1745−290 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 Determination of position of HESS J1745−290 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.7 SED of HESS J1745−290 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1 Electromagnetic and hadronic showers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Shower imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3 Cherenkov images in a H.E.S.S. camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 The site of H.E.S.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 Stereoscopic reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.6 Distribution of MRSW and MRSL for γ-rays and background . . . . . . . . 30
2.7 PSF and energy resolution for different cut sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.8 Background subtraction methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.9 Example of spectrum reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.1 γ-ray flux from the energy independent diffusion model . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2 Energy dependent diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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