Agrarian Radicalism and movements of native insurrection in South Kalimantan (1858-1865) - article ; n°1 ; vol.9, pg 135-153

M. Idwarsaleh

Description

Archipel - Année 1975 - Volume 9 - Numéro 1 - Pages 135-153
4. Idwar Saleh (Universitas Banjarmasin), following the method used by Professor Sartono in his research on the 1888 uprising in Banten, studies in detail social and religious resistance to Dutch settlement in the Banjar area in the nineteenth century.
4. Idwar Saleh (Universitas Banjarmasin), suivant la méthode illustrée par le Prof. Sartono dans son étude du soulèvement de Banten en 1888, étudie en détail les incidences sociales et religieuses de la résistance du pays Banjar à l'implantation hollandaise au XIXe s.
4. Idwar Saleh (Universitas Banjarmasin) , menuruti metode Prof. Sartono dalam penelitiannya mengenai pembrontakan di Banten tahun 1888, mempelajari dengan teliti kerusuhan-kerusuhan sosial dan keagamaan di negeri Ban jar yang menentang pendudukan Belanda pada abad ke XIX.
19 pages
Source : Persée ; Ministère de la jeunesse, de l’éducation nationale et de la recherche, Direction de l’enseignement supérieur, Sous-direction des bibliothèques et de la documentation.

Informations

• Publié par: ARCHIPEL0
• Publié le: 01 janvier 1975
• Nombre de lectures: 11
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

M. Idwar Saleh
Agrarian Radicalism and movements of native insurrection in
South Kalimantan (1858-1865)
In: Archipel. Volume 9, 1975. pp. 135-153.
Abstract
4. Idwar Saleh (Universitas Banjarmasin), following the method used by Professor Sartono in his research on the 1888 uprising in
Banten, studies in detail social and religious resistance to Dutch settlement in the Banjar area in the nineteenth century.
Résumé
4. Idwar Saleh (Universitas Banjarmasin), suivant la méthode illustrée par le Prof. Sartono dans son étude du soulèvement de
Banten en 1888, étudie en détail les incidences sociales et religieuses de la résistance du pays Banjar à l'implantation
hollandaise au XIXe s.
ringkasan
4. Idwar Saleh (Universitas Banjarmasin) , menuruti metode Prof. Sartono dalam penelitiannya mengenai pembrontakan di
Banten tahun 1888, mempelajari dengan teliti kerusuhan-kerusuhan sosial dan keagamaan di negeri Ban jar yang menentang
pendudukan Belanda pada abad ke XIX.
Citer ce document / Cite this document :
Idwar Saleh M. Agrarian Radicalism and movements of native insurrection in South Kalimantan (1858-1865). In: Archipel.
Volume 9, 1975. pp. 135-153.
doi : 10.3406/arch.1975.1225
http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1975_num_9_1_1225135
AGRARIAN RADICALISM AND MOVEMENTS OF NATIVE
INSURRECTION IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN
(1858 - 1865)
by M. IDWAR SALEH
Until its abolition by the Dutch in 1860 , the history of the
kingdom of Banjarmasin in the 19th century could not be separated
from recurrent movements of peasant unrest, which reached a climax
in 1859. All these were traditional in character, mixed
with ideas of Islamic holy war and revivalism, or nativistic elements,
blended with pre-Islamic mysticism and magic. The core of the man
power fighting in these attacks came from the rural areas of Benua
Lima, Benua Empat, the regions of Martapura and Tanah Laut from
the Dusun Atas. The leaders came from the ruling nobility, from the
rural elites, the hajis, the mantris with titles of Kyai, Demang, Arya,
Ngabehi, Lurah and Pambakdl. Supported by very strong kinship
solidarity (the bubuhan ties), they and their people joined the insur
rection. As historic-social forces, these movements are of tremendous
importance for understanding the Banjarese history of to-day.
Agrarian radicalism was a common feature in the native insurrec
tion movement throughout the whole 19th century through to the
middle of the 20th century. It began with the Pambakal Kendet
rebellion near Marabahan after the Dutch arrival at Banjarmasin in
1817. Between 1858 — 1864 there were insurrectionary movements in
Benua Lima, Benua Empat, and Banyu Irang, and a religious insurrec
tionary movement again in Benua Lima (see map p. 139). The Wang-
kang rebellion was suppressed in 1872 (Wangkang was the son of
Pambakal Kendet), The Pegust'ian movement smouldered continually 136
from 1862 up to 1905, when it was finally suppressed by the "maré
chaussée" captain Christoffel. Then there was the one-man rebellion
of Sanusi in 1914 — 1918 and the Kelua movement in 1937. But the
most modern and recent movement, which was most striking, was the
ALRI IVth Division movement against the Dutch, between 1947 — 1949,
which was the biggest and last agrarian radical attempt of the Ban-
jarese to eliminate colonial rule and western dominance from the
Banjar region.
The kingdom of Banjarmasin was founded slightly before the
middle of the 16th century by Pangeran Samudera. His dynasty
claimed that it was descended from the mythical royal ancestors
of the first king of Negara Dipa. From the time of the 1st and 2nd
kraton onwards, this dynasty suffered much from an internal cyclic
rivalry for power, which was an ever recurring phenomenon in
its history. This rivalry was basically between two factions in the
kraton, headed by their own representatives : one was the Sultan
and the other the Pangeran Mangkubumi. This Mangkubumi, who
managed the executive power, was generally the king's younger bro
ther, or his uncle or nephew. The two factions were so closely related
as the result of intermarriage that their most prominent members
stood in an uncle/father-in-law — nephew/son-in-law, or nephew/
brother-in-law — nephew/brother-in-law, or brother/brother-in-law —
brother/brother-in-law relationship to each other, similar to the case
in 1859.
The Dutch economic penetration and political domination since
1826 made this political sensitivity sharper and dangerous. The rivalry
grew from bad to worse and the Dutch, as usual, used the factions
for obtaining their purposes, their political and economical profits,
without taking the adat and the other interests into consideration. The
end result of this western penetration was a state of deprivation that
haunted the country. By the end of 1858 this feeling of political and
also cultural frustration reached its peak. Benua Lima began with the
anti-extortion movement of Djalil against Kyai Adipati Danuredjo, the
most hated person ever installed by the Sultan. The nativistic movement
of Panambahan Muda Aling at Muning in Benua Empat followed next
year and two months later the rebellion broke out among the debtors
of the mine workers in the Julia Hermina coal-mine at Banyu Irang.
When the Dutch abolished the kingdom in 1860, the "Baratib-
Basmal" religious group of Penghulu Rasjid became bellicose and
the holy war idea was in the air. This last movement directed the
hostile expression of the rural population against the white infidels
as the source of the political and culture frustration in the country.
But the general result of this form of resistance, the psycho-cultural 137
tradition of resistance which relied basically on supernatural forces
and supernatural aids and operated on religious-magical lines were
doomed to fail every times these movements faces the modern weapons
and organization of the Dutch.
The Banjarese river-culture and its socio-economic background
South-East Kalimantan is the homeland of the Banjarese "ethnic
stock". The language spoken in this region is the colloquial Banjarese.
Dr. J. J. Ras definied this colloquial language as the independent conti
nuation of a rather archaic type of Malay, superimposed on a substra
tum of Dayak dialects, with an admixture of Javanese. And the variety
of Banjarese sub-dialects in this region owes its existence to the fact
that different Dayak languages were spoken in the past in some of the
areas concerned. The history of this region may have its beginning in
a small colony of Malay origin founded in the time of the empire of
Srivijaya, in the region of Tanjung today. The western slopes of the
Meratus range in those days were inhabited possibly by the Maanjan
tribes and the orang Bukit, just as today, as far as the Tanah Laut
area. The fusion of the two ethnic elements, physically or perharps
more culturally, resulted in the Hulu-Sungai-Banjarese as its first
product. Their cultural centre might have been the kingdom of
"Nansarunai", which was crushed by Java, just as it is sung in the
wadian songs or found in the traditional oral history of the Maanjan
tribes. But if one traces back the "Hikayat Raja-Raja Banjar and Kota
Waringin", then this very first cultural centre could be no more
than Kuripan or Tanjungpuri upstream of Amuntai in the region of
Tanjung.
The admixture of Javanese elements began with the founding of
Negara Dipa near Amuntai, the first well-known kraton, founded by
the people of Keling, i.e. Javanese who came from East Java. When
Maharaja Sari Kaburangan founded the kraton Nagara Daha, it soon
became the centre of Javanese cultural renaissance. As a centre of Sivai-
tic religion and mysticism, he built the Candi Laras temple, the ruin of
which is still to be found in the district of Margasari. But perhaps the
greatest admixture of Javanese elements occurred in the 17th century,
when some of Javanese refugees from the North coast of Java put to
flight by the Mataram hosts, settled down in Banjarmasin.
The third kraton was founded by Pangeran Samudera in the Kuwin
district, near the banks of the Barito, somewhat before the middle of the
16th century. He took all the inhabitants of Nagara-Daha to this newly
founded capital, where he enthroned himself as the first king of Ban
jarmasin. Here, a new admixture of elements was added, namely the 138
Ngayu-Dayak culture. This ethnie group came later than the Banjarese,
from the north, and inhabited the banks of the lower Barito as far as
the surroundings of the Kuwin district.
Thus the majority of the Banjarese population stretched from north
to south, along the western Meratus range border, up to the low-lying
area. The Hulu Sungai area comprises mainly of the whole eastern part
of the Nagara river basin and these parts were the most densely popul
ated centres : Tabalong, Tanjung, Kelua, Amuntai, Nagara, Barabai,
Kandangan and Rantau ; south to Hantau proper lies Martapura and
in the swampy area of the Martapura river basin, near the Barito, lies
Banjarmasin, regularly inundated at high t