Bodydysmorphic disorder and bodybuilding [Elektronische Ressource] : influence of a workout on body image perception and - satisfaction / vorgelegt von Inga Petersen

Inga Brandell

Sujets

• Psychologie
• Gesundheit
• Sport

Informations

• Publié par: westfalische_wilhelms-universitat_munster
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 19
• Langue: English

Extrait

Fachbereich Psychologie und Sportwissenschaften


BODYDYSMORPHIC DISORDER AND BODYBUILDING:
INFLUENCE OF A WORKOUT ON
BODY IMAGE PERCEPTION AND – SATISFACTION



INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION
Zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades
der
Philosophischen Fakultät
der
Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität
zu
Münster (Westf.)



Vorgelegt von
Inga Petersen
aus Lüdenscheid
2005



Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. F. Rist

Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. R. Pietrowsky

Nebenfachprüfer: Prof. Dr. V. Arolt

Datum der mündlichen Prüfungen: 13. Februar 2006



Bodydysmorphic disorder and Bodybuilding:
Influence of a workout on body image perception and – satisfaction

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Deutsche Zusammenfassung ________________________________________ 1
1 Abstract_______________________________________________________ 5
2 Introduction ___________________________________________________ 8
2.1 Body image _________________________________________________ 8
2.2 Body dysmorphic disorder and “muscle dysmorphia” _______________ 12
2.2.1 Diagnostic criteria for body dysmorphic disorder 12
2.2.2 Diagnostic criteria for muscle dysmorphic disorder _____________ 14
2.3 Male beauty ideals __________________________________________ 17
2.4 Bodybuilding ______________________________________________ 18
2.4.1 Description of the sport ___________________________________ 18
2.4.2 Bodybuilding and use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) _____ 21
2.4.3 Bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia________________________ 22
2.5 Body image in men 23
2.5.1 Measurement of size perception accuracy in eating disorders______ 24
2.5.2 Body image in eating disordered women______________________ 25
2.5.3 Ideal body image and its influence in body image disturbance _____ 27
2.5.4. Body satisfaction in men__________________________________ 30
2.5.5 Body size perception accuracy in men________________________ 31
2.5.6 Body image in muscle dysmorphia __________________________ 33
2.6 Concepts used in this research study ____________________________ 38
2.7 The purpose of this study _____________________________________ 40
3 Methods _____________________________________________________ 43
3.1 Ethics 43
3.2 Participants ________________________________________________ 43
3.3 Measures __________________________________________________ 45
3.3.1 Measurement of body satisfaction ___________________________ 45 Bodydysmorphic disorder and Bodybuilding:
Influence of a workout on body image perception and – satisfaction

3.3.2 Measurement of body size perception accuracy ________________ 46
3.3.3 Measurement of ideal body image ___________________________ 49
3.3.4 Diagnosis of bodydysmorphic disorder, eating habits and use of
anabolic androgenic steroids _______________________________ 50
3.3.5 Measurement of weight, height and body fat content ____________ 51
3.3.6 Independent ratings of body shape and size____________________ 52
3.3.7 Questionnaires __________________________________________ 54
3.4 Design ____________________________________________________ 60
3.5 Statistical analyses 61
3.6 Power analysis _____________________________________________ 62
3.7 Test of basic assumptions for ANOVA __________________________ 63
3.7.1 Dropout and missing data _________________________________ 63
3.7.2 Further assumptions ______________________________________ 63
4 Results ______________________________________________________ 65
4.1 Primary analyses ____________________________________________ 65
4.1.1 Prevalence of bodydysmorphic disorder and intensity of
bodydysmorphic concerns _________________________________ 65
4.1.3 Psychometric evaluation of the Adonis Complex Questionnaire
(AdCQ) _______________________________________________ 67
4.2 Descriptive statistics _________________________________________ 69
4.2.1 Socio-demographic data___________________________________ 69
4.2.2 Physical features 71
4.2.3 Exercise behaviour_______________________________________ 72
4.2.4 Eating and comsumatory behaviour__________________________ 73
4.3 Multivariate analyses of variance _______________________________ 76
4.4 Body size perception_________________________________________ 79
4.4.1 Body size perception accuracy______________________________ 79
4.4.2 Perceptual discrimination consistency (PDC) _________________ 83
4.4.3 Test-retest reliability _____________________________________ 83 Bodydysmorphic disorder and Bodybuilding:
Influence of a workout on body image perception and – satisfaction

4.5 Ideal body image____________________________________________ 84
4.6 Body satisfaction 87
4.7 Questionnaire scores_________________________________________ 90
5 Discussion____________________________________________________ 93
5.1 Primary analysis: bodydysmorphic concerns in bodybuilders _________ 94
5.2 Secondary analysis: Body image in bodydysmorphic bodybuilders, non-
bodydysmorphic bodybuilders and non-bodybuilding athletes _______ 95
5.3 Workout effects____________________________________________ 100
5.4 Internal validity 103
5.4.1 Evaluation of measurement of body size perception (BSP) ______ 103
5.4.2 Ideal body image _______________________________________ 105
5.5 Further methodological remarks_______________________________ 106
5.6 External validity ___________________________________________ 107
5.7 Conclusions on male body image, muscle-dysmorphia, and its
development _____________________________________________ 109
5.8 Final and controversial statements…___________________________ 111
References ____________________________________________________ 112
Appendix _____________________________________________________ 124
Advertisement________________________________________________ 124
Description of the control group__________________________________ 125
Informed Consent and information sheet ___________________________ 126
Somatomorphic Matrix _________________________________________ 128
Socio-demographic variables ____________________________________ 129
Questionnaires _______________________________________________ 130
Adonis complex Questionnaire (Pope et al., 2000) _________________ 130
Muscle dysmorphia questionnaire (Pope et al., 2000)_______________ 133
Exercise dependence scale (Smith et al., 1998)____________________ 134
Body Esteem Scale (Franzoi & Shields, 1984)_____________________ 135 Bodydysmorphic disorder and Bodybuilding:
Influence of a workout on body image perception and – satisfaction

Body-Esteem scale for Adolescents and Adults
(Mendelsohn et al., 1995) ________________________________ 136
Soziale Angst vor Negativer Bewertung (Vormbrock & Neuser, 1983) _ 137
Beck Depressions Inventar (Beck, 1961) _________________________ 138
Tables ______________________________________________________ 140
Danksagungi
Erklärung _______________________________________________________iv
Lebenslauf ______________________________________________________ v Bodydysmorphic disorder and Bodybuilding:
Influence of a workout on body image perception and – satisfaction

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 ________________________________________________________ 70
Table 2 72
Table 3 73
Table 4 75
Table 5 81
Table 6 ________________________________________________________ 84
Table 7 88
Table 8 90

Table A 1 __________________________________________________________ 140
Table A 2 141
Table A 3 142
Table A 4 143
Table A 5 144
Bodydysmorphic disorder and Bodybuilding:
Influence of a workout on body image perception and – satisfaction

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Diagnostic criteria for body dysmorphic disorder
according to DSM-IV ___________________________________ 13
Figure 2. Diagnostic criteria for muscle dysmorphic disorder,
Pope et al. (2000). ______________________________________ 16
Figure 3. Vicious circle in muscle dysmorphia (MD).___________________ 36
Figure 4. Concepts included in our research study. _____________________ 39
Figure 5. Nesnap output. _________________________________________ 47
Figure 6. Instruction screen. _______________________________________ 48
Figure 7. Study design.___________________________________________ 60
Figure 8. Bar chart of body- (AdCQ) and
muscledysmorphic (MDQ) concerns, _______________________ 65
Figure 9. Bar chart of body- (AdCQ) and muscledysmorphic (MDQ) concerns
by groups. ____________________________________________ 66
Figure 10. Average accuracy of body size perception (in distortion percentage)
by group, across both time points, adjusted by BMI. ___________ 79
Figure 11. Body size perception accuray in distortion percentage adjusted by
body mass index, before and after workout, by group.__________ 82
Figure 12. Box Plot of ideal body, by multiplication factor of real body size._ 85
Figure 13. Satisfaction on pretest and posttest by groups. ________________ 88
Figure 14. Construc