Common and distinct neural networks for theory of mind reasoning and inhibitory control [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Christoph Rothmayr

Christoph Rothmayr

Sujets

• Psychologie

Informations

• Publié par: ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 24
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Common and Distinct Neural Networks for Theory
of Mind Reasoning and Inhibitory Control













Inaugural-Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie
an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

vorgelegt von

Christoph Rothmayr













































__________________________________________
Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Beate Sodian
Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Göran Hajak
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 20. Juli 2009

2 Contents
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Contents

Acknowledgements........................................................................................................5
Abstract ..........................................................................................................................6
Abbreviations .................................................................................................................7

1. General Introduction........................................................................................8

2. Theory of Mind (ToM) Reasoning ................................................................. 10
2.1 Development of ToM Reasoning................................................................ 10
2.1.1 Cognitive Developments Preceding Belief-Reasoning................................ 10
2.1.2 The Development of Belief-Reasoning and Its Investigation....................... 11
2.2 Neural Correlates of ToM Reasoning......................................................... 14
2.2.1 Results from Lesion Studies....................................................................... 15
2.2.2 Results from Neuroimaging Studies ........................................................... 19
2.2.2.1 PET Studies................................................................................. 20
2.2.2.2 FMRI Studies............................................................................... 21
2.3 The Mirror Neuron System, Theory Theory and Simulation Theory........ 27

3. Inhibitory Control (IC).................................................................................... 31
3.1 Development and Measurement of Executive Functioning and IC.......... 31
3.2 Neural Correlates of IC ............................................................................... 33
3.2.1 Results from Lesion Studies....................................................................... 33
3.2.2 Results from Neuroimaging Studies ........................................................... 34

4. ToM and Inhibitory Control .......................................................................... 37
4.1 Behavioral Results Concerning the ToM / IC Connection in Childhood
........................................................................................................................... 37
4.1.1 Correlational Data ...................................................................................... 37
4.1.2 Training Effects.......................................................................................... 39
4.2 Adults and the ToM / IC Connection.......................................................... 40
4.3 Hypotheses Regarding the ToM / IC Relationship.................................... 41
4.4 Autism and ADHD: a Case in Point for the ToM / IC Connection?........... 43
4.4.1 Autism........................................................................................................ 43
4.4.2 ADHD......................................................................................................... 45
4.5 Neural Correlates of IC and ToM................................................................ 46
4.5.1 Brain Lesions and Their Effects on ToM and IC ......................................... 46
4.5.2 Neuroimaging of IC and ToM ..................................................................... 47
4.6 Evidence for an Independent ToM Module................................................ 50
4.7 Investigating IC and Belief-Reasoning in a Single Study......................... 51
4.8 Aim of the Present Study............................................................................ 57

5. Methods .......................................................................................................... 60
5.1 FMRI Imaging .............................................................................................. 60
5.2 Pilot Experiment.......................................................................................... 62
5.3 Subjects....................................................................................................... 63
5.4 Experimental Design................................................................................... 63
5.4.1 Belief-Reasoning Experiment..................................................................... 64
5.4.2 Inhibitory Control Experiment ..................................................................... 65
5.5 FMRI Set Up and Design............................................................................. 67
5.6 Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 67
5.6.1 Behavioral Data ......................................................................................... 67
5.6.2 Functional Data.......................................................................................... 67
3 Contents
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.6.2.1 Preprocessing .............................................................................. 68
5.6.2.2 Statistical Analysis........................................................................ 69

6. Results............................................................................................................ 72
6.1 Behavioral Results...................................................................................... 72
6.2 Functional Imaging Results ....................................................................... 74
6.2.1 Belief-Reasoning Experiment..................................................................... 74
6.2.1.1 True-Belief > Baseline.................................................................. 74
6.2.1.2 False-Belief > Baseline................................................................. 77
6.2.1.3 False-Belief > True-Belief............................................................. 81
6.2.2 Inhibitory Control Experiment ..................................................................... 85
6.2.2.1 No-Go > Go.................................................................................. 85
6.2.3 Common Activity in the Belief-Reasoning and the Inhibitory Control
Experiment ......................................................................................................... 89

7. Discussion...................................................................................................... 92
7.1 Belief-Reasoning Networks........................................................................ 93
7.1.1 True-Belief > Baseline: Does True-Belief Reasoning Require Belief-
Reasoning?......................................................................................................... 93
7.1.1.1 True-Belief Reasoning: Comparing Present Data to Previous
Findings................................................................................................... 96
7.1.2 False-Belief > Baseline: Decoupling and General Task Demands.............. 97
7.1.2.1 Did the False-Belief Task Really Measure False-Belief Reasoning?
................................................................................................................ 99
7.1.3 False-Belief > True-Belief: Neural Networks of a Decoupling Mechanism.100
7.1.3.1 Replication of Previous Studies.................................................. 106
7.2 Brain Areas Related to IC ......................................................................... 110
7.2.1 No-go > Go: A Neural Network for Response Inhibition............................ 110
7.3 Common and Distinct Areas for Belief-Reasoning and IC..................... 114
7.3.1 Distinct Areas Related to a Decoupling between Mentality and Reality .... 114
7.3.2 Distinct Areas Related to Inhibition........................................................... 117
7.3.3 Common Neural Networks and Processes Involved in False-Belief Reasoning
and IC............................................................................................................... 119
7.4 Integration of Current and Existing Data towards a Un