Ecological characteristics and economic impact of non native Ailanthus altissima (MILL.) swingle in Hesse, Germany [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Hilda Luz Lezcano Cáceres

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Informations

• Publié par: georg-august-universitat_gottingen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 22
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NON
NATIVE Ailanthus altissima (MILL.) SWINGLE IN HESSE, GERMANY










Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades
der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten
der Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen







vorgelegt von


Hilda Luz Lezcano Cáceres


aus Panama, Panama







Goettingen
2010




































D 7
Referent: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Gerold
Korreferent: Dr. Hermann Jungkunst
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: (29.09.2010)



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS



I am grateful to God for His infinite love and mercy that gave me strength in
times of distress and anxiety to complete this project. My parents and sisters
who were always there encouraging me and to my special friends in
Frankfurt am Main and Goettingen who have been my strength in a foreign
country.

I also thank Beate Alberternst and Rüdiger Wittig for their valuable ideas
during the process of developing this project, Henry Riechmann for their
assistance in the preparation of the sample plots on satellite images, Lutz
Stübing for his assistance during the labour experiments, Michael Hölzinger
(Deutsche Bahn, Hesse), Manfred Harlaam (Hesse’s Urban Parks Director),
Dr. Wagner (Allergology department at University Klinikum Hesse, Humberto
Esquivel, Luis Diego Delgado and Edgardo Garrido-Perez for their thoughtful
comments during the conduct of statistical analysis and provided information
and commented this manuscript, Eckhard Schmidt, Veronica Metje and
Meike Piepenbring for their support in the critical moment of this project and
finally to Germany’s Service of Academic Exchange (DAAD, grant
A/04/08475) and the National Secretariat for Science, Technology and
Innovation Panamá (SENACYT) financed this study.


i TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................vi
ABSTRACT................................................................................................... vii
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ................................................................................ xii
RESUMEN.................................................................................................. xvii
CHAPTER 1................................................................................................... 1
1. General Introduction .................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER 2................................................................................................. 26
2 General Methodology................................................................................ 26
CHAPTER 3................................................................................................. 35
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 36
3.2 Materials and Methods........................................................................... 39
3.3 Results................................................................................................... 45
3.4 Discussion.............................................................................................. 51
3.5 Conclusion and recommendations......................................................... 55
CHAPTER 4................................................................................................. 56
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 57
4.2 Methods ................................................................................................. 60
4.3 Results................................................................................................... 62
4.4 Discussion.............................................................................................. 70
4.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................... 77
4.6 Recommendation................................................................................... 78
CHAPTER 5................................................................................................. 79
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 80
5.2 Methods ................................................................................................. 81
5.3 Results................................................................................................... 87
5.4 Discussion.............................................................................................. 92
5.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 95
CHAPTER 6................................................................................................. 97
6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 97
ii 6.2 Material and Method .............................................................................. 98
6.3 Results and Discussion.......................................................................... 99
6.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................... 105
6.5 Recommendation................................................................................. 105
CHAPTER 7............................................................................................... 106
7.1 General discusion ................................................................................ 106
7.2 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND HOW TO CONTROL Ailanthus
altissima..................................................................................................... 112
8. References............................................................................................. 115
ANEXOS.................................................................................................... 138
iii LIST OF FIGURES

Title Page

CHAPTER 1
Figure 1 Ailanthus altissima staminate flowers........................................................10
Figure 2 Illustration of Ailanthus altissima. ..............................................................11
Figure 3 Greenish yellow and reddish brown ripe samaras of Ailanthus altissima...12
Figure 4 Ailanthus altissima seedling growing on gravel in urban environment.......13
Figure 5 Geographical distribution of Ailanthus altissima ........................................15
Figure 6 Ailanthus altissima is becoming a big problem especially alongside of
highways and open areas with high illumination. ....................................................18

CHAPTER 2
Figure 1 Map of study area (the federal state of Hesse, Germany). ........................27
Figure 2 Illustration of the transect in each station studied......................................29
Figure 3 Location of the research plots in Hesse, Germany....................................30
Figure 4 Example of a plot for studying the germination and growth of seedlings and
saplings of Ailanthus altissima. ...............................................................................31
Figure 5 Location of the dynamic population of Ailanthus altissima research plots in
Hesse, Germany.....................................................................................................32
Figure 6 Life-cycle diagrams of Ailanthus altissima.................................................33
Figure 7 Fisical control (Pruning) used on the control of Ailanthus altissima
population in Hesse, Germany................................................................................34

CHAPTER 3
Figure 1 Map of study area with the visited train stations and plots for the urban-rural
study in Hesse, Germany........................................................................................39
Figure 2 Illustration of the transect in each station studied......................................41
Figure 3 Location of twenty five 18-hectare plots representing an urban-to-rural
gradient where Ailanthus altissima population was studied in Hesse, Germany......43
Figure 4 Frequency (number of stations) where Ailanthus altissima was found and
abundance of the species................................................