Economic analysis of certification in the Brazilian fruit chain [Elektronische Ressource] / von Andréa Cristina Dörr

Andrea Cristina Dörr

Informations

• Publié par: gottfried_wilhelm_leibniz_universitat_hannover
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 23
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Economic Analysis of Certification in the Brazilian Fruit
Chain
Von der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaften
– Doctor rerum politicarum –
genehmigte Dissertation
von
Andréa Cristina Dörr (MSc)
geboren am 15.04.1978 in Lajeado/RS, Brazil
2009





























Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Ulrike Grote
Institut für Umweltökonomik und Welthandel
Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Universität Hannover

Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Hermann Waibel
Institut für Entwicklungs- und Agrarökonomik
Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Universität Hannover
Tag der Promotion: Freitag, 09. Januar 2009
“Ando devagar porque já tive pressa e levo este sorriso porque já chorei demais
hoje me sinto mais forte mais feliz quem sabe só levo a certeza,
de que muito pouco eu sei ou que nada sei…”
(Almir Sater)




A Deus pela força e inspiração em todos os momentos desta longa jornada que por muitos
momentos pareceu infinita



Aos meus amigos pelo apoio, motivação e coragem




Dedico esta tese aos meus pais
i
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my deep appreciation for my first supervisor Prof. Dr. Ulrike Grote for
her constructive guidance, flexibility, moral and scientific support and great understanding
throughout the period of undertaking this study. I also thank Prof. Hermann Weibel for
accepting to be my second supervisor and devoting time to read this thesis.
Prof. Dr. Nancy Chau, my tutor, has provided me with invaluable comments, guidance and
support. I am very grateful for her extreme patience and the time she spent with me explaining
various issues that presented a great value added for me.
I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Guido Lüchters for the enormous support provided
throughout the empirical research. This research could not be finished successfully without
his encouragement and kind guidance.
I am very grateful for the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and the German
Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) for providing me the needed
financial support. Special thanks are directed to Dr. Manske and Mrs. Zabel for their effort
and support during my doctoral study.
I would like to convey my deepest gratitude to my family for their patience, psychological
support and outstanding effort to facilitate the atmosphere I need to focus on my studies.
Special thanks to my old friends Liliana Arenhardt, Scheila Fenner, Raquel Fenner, Claudete
Arnt, Liane Beutler, Glaucia Caetano Souza, Lindamir Adamczuk, Paula Tissiany and Kátia
Fischer for continuous encouragement. I would also like to thank for my new and precious
friends Marquinhos and Sandra for helping me to overcome the distance and difficult
moments.
I am thankful to people, companies and organizations that have been very helpful in providing
me data and information, which otherwise would have been difficult to obtain from traditional
data sources. In Petrolina, these are: Dr. Paulo Roberto Coelho (EMBRAPA Semi-Arid), Mr.
Sebastiao Morim and Mrs. Regina (SEBRAE-PE) and Ms. Tiane Almeida (VALEXPORT).
In Juazeiro, these are: Mr. Carlos (CODEVASF), Ms. Diana Passos (PLANTEC) and Ms.
Balbina Filha (APROAC). In Mossoró these are: Mr. Lecy Gadelha and Mr. Franco
ii
(SEBRAE-RN), Mr. Francisco Segundo and Mr. Roberto (COEX). The friendly farmer-
respondents from these regions for the time spared for the long interviews.
I am thankful for the friendly environment at the Institute for Environmental Economics and
World Trade in Hannover. My gratitude goes to Dr. Pradyot Jena, Ms. Ngokkuen, Mr. Dirk
Röttgers and Mrs. Marita Lanka for their help and support. I particularly want to thank Ms.
Anja Fasse for the German abstract and I hope our friendship will continue in the future.
Last but not least, I would like to keep in memory all good moments I spent with colleagues
and very good friends in Bonn: Manasi Gopalakrishnan, Sandra Guimaraes Callado, Aline
Joana Wohlmuth Alves dos Santos and Basak Özay. Particularly from ZEF: Nina Langen,
Julia Schindler, Daniel Callo-Concha, Sri Haryani Anwar, Eleni Belay, Anabelle Ragsag,
Muhammad Nasir, Dr. Israt Rayhan and Dr. Sultana. I would like to express my gratitude to
my nice friend Stéphanie Cassilde for her dearest friendship.

Andréa Cristina Dörr
Hanover, January 2009
iii
Abstract
Producers and exporters of fresh fruits and vegetables from developing countries like Brazil
are increasingly required to demonstrate the safety and traceability of their produce up to the
consumption stage. In order to access international markets such as the European Union (EU)
and the United States (US), fruits producers need to meet the requirements from the buyers
and comply increasingly with certification systems. In Brazil, these are specifically the
Integrated Fruit Production (PIF), GlobalGAP, Fairtrade and Organic certification schemes.
Not clear is the impact these certification schemes have on Brazilian fruit farmers. There is
some evidence in the literature, that certification contributes positively to the development of
specific export sectors in developing countries. In fact, the Brazilian export market is still
relatively underdeveloped, with an export share of only 2.4% of the total produced volume.
However, certification may also have the effect of a non-tariff trade barrier, undermining the
capability and financial ability of especially small-scale farmers in exporting to international
markets. This study, therefore, aims at providing an economic analysis of certification in the
Brazilian fruit chain.
A survey of 303 grapes and mango farmers was conducted in 2006 in the Juazeiro/Petrolina
region of the Sao Francisco Valley in Brazil. The survey continued interviewing 85 cashew
nuts farmers and conducting six case studies with melon growers in the Serra do Mel/Mossoró
region in the semi-arid zone of the Northeast of Brazil. Certified and non-certified farmers as
well as those in process to obtain certification were included in the sample.
To analyze the primary data, a conceptual framework of the marketing chain and the farmers’
adoption decision was first developed. Then, different theoretical and empirical approaches
which are relevant for the analysis of certification, were added to the framework. The
descriptive analysis has been complemented by some econometric models. The LOGIT model
was used three times: first, for identifying the determinants of the adoption of certification and
second, for determining the factors relevant for adopting two versus one certification scheme,
and third, for testing the main factors that lead farmers to adopt specifically PIF. Several tests
were performed to check the robustness of the models.
Comparative analyses between certified and non-certified farmers of grapes, mango, melon
and cashew nuts show that certified farmers receive higher net income than non-certified
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farmers. The net income of the farmers in process is slightly lower compared to certified
farmers. The higher net income partly derives from the price premium paid for the certified
fruits. Certified mango and grapes farmers have received an increased price per kg of 58%
and 28%, respectively. Cashew nuts farmers receive the highest rates: 82% per kg of nuts and
62% per kg of kernel. Melon producers do not receive a price premium after adopting
certification, but certification enables them to remain in the market. Other benefits identified
refer particularly to environmental, health and food safety aspects. The costs of certification
are found to be of minor importance, especially since financial support is provided by
Brazilian governmental organizations like SEBRAE and EMBRAPA. Investments due to
certification are partly considerable, but are outweighed by higher productivity and price
premia. The price premia of small-scale farmers have been found to be lower compared to
those of the medium-scale farmers, but the farmers are still able to compete.
The logistic estimates show that education and the years of experience mostly have a positive
and significant effect on the decision to adopt certification. The chances to certify decrease,
however, when farmers are dependent on the income from non-agricultural activities, are
living in rural villages and not on the farm and trade with an individual buyer using a verbal
trust-based arrangement. The estimates on separate grapes and mango models also find the
size of the farms and the share of the current irrigated area to negatively contribute to the
chances of adoption. The decision of mango and grapes farmers to adopt two instead of only
one certificate was found to be influenced by whether the farmer can m