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Publié par | ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen |
Publié le | 01 janvier 2008 |
Nombre de lectures | 55 |
Langue | Deutsch |
Poids de l'ouvrage | 17 Mo |
Extrait
Functional adaptation of the
plant receptor-kinase gene SYMRK
paved the way
for the evolution of root endosymbioses
with bacteria
Katharina Markmann
Munich 2008
Functional adaptation of the
plant receptor-kinase gene SYMRK
paved the way
for the evolution of root endosymbioses
with bacteria
Kumulative Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften
an der Fakultät für Biologie
der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
vorgelegt von
Katharina Markmann
aus Warendorf
München, den 31.07.2008
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 07.11.2008 Erklärung und ehrenwörtliche Versicherung
Ich versichere hiermit, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig durchgeführt und
keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel und Quellen benutzt habe. Ich habe
weder anderweitig versucht, eine Dissertation einzureichen oder eine Doktorprüfung
durchzuführen, noch habe ich diese Dissertation oder Teile derselben einer anderen
Prüfungskommission vorgelegt.
München, den _________________ ___________________
Katharina Markmann
Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Martin Parniske
Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Arthur Schüßler
Für meine Eltern Table of contents
1 TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................
4 ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................................
5 SPECIES NAMES AND AFFILIATIONS....................................................................
6 FIGURES AND BOXES.................................................................................................
7 TABLES...........................................................................................................................
8 1 SUMMARY.................................................................................................................
2 INTRODUCTION AND SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT
EVOLUTION OF ROOT ENDOSYMBIOSIS WITH BACTERIA:
9 HOW NOVEL ARE NODULES?.............................................................................
2.1 Abstract............................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Root nodulation symbiosis: a rare but efficient source of nitrogen
10 for plants.............................................................................................................
12 2.3 What are the key genetic inventions of the nodulating clade?...............
2.4 Bacterial uptake evolved by arbuscular mycorrhiza gene
18 recruitment.........................................................................................................
2.5 SYMRK is a likely determinant of the genetic predisposition for
19 nodulation...........................................................................................................
2.6 Combining infection and organogenesis:
21 What makes a “predisposed rosid” a “nodulator”?.................................
2.7 Cytokinin is a trigger for nodule organogenesis........................................ 23
28 2.8 Concluding remarks.........................................................................................
29 2.9 Acknowledgements...........................................................................................
30 2.10 References...........................................................................................................
3 THE STUDY
FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATION OF A PLANT RECEPTOR-KINASE
PAVED THE WAY FOR THE EVOLUTION OF INTRACELLULAR ROOT
SYMBIOSES WITH BACTERIA............................................................................. 35
36 3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 2
38 3.2 Results.................................................................................................................
Structural and functional conservation of the common symbiosis gene
CYCLOPS reveals a conserved AM genetic program.................................... 38
Rice CYCLOPS can function in both AM and RNS in a legume................. 40
The symbiosis receptor-like kinase gene SYMRK is structurally diverged
40 in angiosperms.....................................................................................................
SYMRK is required for actinorhiza, suggesting a common genetic
46 program for RNS.................................................................................................
SYMRK function in AM is conserved across rosid lineages......................... 47
Lotus SYMRK is sufficient for both RNS and AM in another legume,
48 Medicago truncatula...........................................................................................
“Full-length” SYMRK versions from symbiotically distinct rosids can
support both AM and RNS in Lotus................................................................. 51
55 SYMRK versions of reduced length restore AM but not RNS in Lotus.......
64 3.3 Discussion...........................................................................................................
64 An ancient genetic program for AM among angiosperms............................
A molecular link between the two types of RNS........................................... 64
SYMRK is not involved in determining host-microbiont specificity............ 65
66 A role of SYMRK in the predisposition to evolve RNS.................................
67 SYMRK domain function and evolution.........................................................
Additional components required for nodulation............................................. 70
3.4 Conclusions......................................................................................................... 71
3.5 Materials and methods.................................................................................... 72
72 Isolation of SYMRK homologues......................................................................
Construct generation for mutant complementation and Datisca SYMRK
RNAi experiments............................................................................................... 72
Biological material and phenotyping assays................................................... 76
Plant transformation............................................................................................ 79
79 Quantitative PCR of reverse transcribed cDNA (qRT-PCR)........................
80 Computational analysis......................................................................................
Accession Numbers..................................................................................... 80
3.6 References........................................................................................................... 81
3.7 Acknowledgements........................................................................................... 86 3
87 4 SPECIAL THANKS...................................................................................................
88 5 APPENDIX.................................................................................................................
88 5.1 List of publications and author contributions...........................................
5.2 Publications and manuscripts........................................................................ 90
5.3 Curriculum Vitae.............................................................................................. 145 4
Abbreviations
AM Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
AR Actinorhiza
bp nucleic acid base pair(s)
BLAST basic local alignment search tool
°C degree(s) Celsius
CaMV cauliflower mosaic virus
CC coiled-coil domain
CCaMK calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase
cDNA complementary DNA
CEC conserved extracellular region of predicted SYMRK proteins
DMI2 does not make infections 2
DNA desoxyribonucleic acid
(e)GFP (enhanced) green fluorescent protein
g/l gram(s) per litre
h hour(s)
IT infection thread
LRR leucine-rich repeat
LYK LysM domain containing receptor-like kinase
ml milliliter(s)
mm millimeter(s)
mRNA messenger RNA
n number of tested items or specimens
NEC N-terminal extracellular region of predicted SYMRK proteins
NFR nod factor receptor
NIN nodule inception
NLS nuclear localization signal
nm nanometre(s)
NORK nodulation receptor kinase
NUP nucleoporin
OD optical density at 600 a wavelength of 600 nm 6oo
PCR polymerase chain reaction
pg picogram(s)
PIT pre-infection thread
PK protein kinase domain
PPA pre-penetration apparatus
qRT-PCR quantitative RT-PCR
RACE rapid amplification of cDNA ends
RLS rhizobium-legume sym