Geometrinių vaizdinių formavimasis pradinėse klasėse ; Formation of geometric images at primary school stages

Dandis

Sujets

• Educology
• Primary education

Informations

• Publié par: vilnius_pedagogical_university
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 34
• Langue: English

Extrait

81175 2-,)//1+) 718-4516;

8=EL= /H=>=KIEA

.4)61 . /--641+ 1)/-5 )6 241)4; 5+0 56)/-5

5K=HO B @?JH= @EIIAHJ=JE
5?E= 5?EA
?AI! -@K?CO %5

8E
EKI! #

6DA @EIIAHJ=JE
M=I @ALAFA@ =J 8E
EKI 2A@=CCE?= 7
ELAHIEJO E
`#

5?EA
JEBE? IKFAHLEIH. 2HB/ ,H/ D=>E/=HE= *=H=KI=EJ8E
EKI 2A@=CCE?= 7
ELAHIEJO! 5?E= 5?EA
?AI! -@K?CO ` %5

6DA @EIIAHJ=JE
ME >A @ABA
@A@ =J JDA *=H@ B 5?E= 5?EA
?AI =J 8E
EKI 2A@=CCE?= 7
ELAHIEJO.

+D=EH=
. 2HB/ ,H/ D=>E/ -LO@= 2=HJE3=KI4EA
5 8E
EKI 2A@=CCE?= 7
ELAHIEJO! 5?E= 5?EA
?AI! -@K?CO ` %5

2A>AHI. 2HB/ ,H/ D=>E/ /E
J=KJ=I ,6AO@= 1
IJEJKJA B 2=JDA=JE?I =
@ 1
BH=JE?I! 6A?D
CE?= 5?EA
?AI! 1
BH=JE?I -
CE
AAHE
C ` % 6 2HB/ ,H/ D=>E/ 2=HE7
= *=H4=KI4=EJ5 8E
EKI 2A@=CCE?= 7
ELAHIEJO! 5?E= 5?EA
?AI! -@K?CO ` %5 )II?/ FHB/ ,H/ 
= 2
4ALE8EA
5 8E
EKI 2A@=CCE?= 7
ELAHIEJO! 5?E= 5?EA
?AI! 2IO?DCO ` $5 ,H/ )K3H= :=6=KI4EA
5 ;E=KE=E 2A@=CCE?= 7
ELAHIEJO! 5?E= 5?EA
?AI! -@K?CO ` %5

FF
A
JI. 2HB/ ,H/ D=>E/ 2=HC=HEJ= 6AHAIALE8EA
5 8OJ=KJ=I 2=C
KI 7
ELAHIEJO! 5?E= 5?EA
?AI! -@K?CO ` %5 )II?/ FHB/ ,H/ 2=EH= 2A8EKE=KI4EA
5 8E
EKI 2A@=CCE?= 7
ELAHIEJO! 5?E= 5?EA
?AI! -@K?CO ` %5

6DA @?JH= @EIIAHJ=JE
ME >A @ABA
@A@ E
=
FA
IEJJE
C B JDA *=H@ B 5?E= 5?EA
?AI! =J  F/ / 
JDA < B A>HK=HO! $ =J 8E
EKI 2A@=CCE?= 7
ELAHIEJO! JDA =?KJO B 2A@=CCO =
@ 2IO?DCO/ )@@HAII. 5JK@A
J> C/ '! 6A&<$ 8E
EKI! EJDK=
E=/

5K=HO B JDA @EIIAHJ=JE
M=I IA
J KJ 
JDA B

6DA @EIIAHJ=JE
EI =L=E=>A BH HALEAM =J 8E
EKI 2A@=CCE?= 7
ELAHIEJO E>H=HO =
@ 2=HJO
=I 2=CLO@=I =JE
= E>H=HO B EJDK=
E=/

D 8E
EKI FA@=CCE?= K
ELAHIEJO! #

811)75 2-,)//115 718-4516-6)5

8=EL= /H=>=KIEA

/--6411" 8)1#,11" .4)81)515 24),1%5- &)5%5-

,=4J=H @EIAHJ=?E7I I=
JH=K4= 5?E=E
E=E 4I=E! A@K4CE7= %5

8E
EKI! #

,EIAHJ=?E7= HA
CJ= `# AJ=EI 8E
E=KI FA@=CCE
E=A K
ELAHIEJAJA

24IE
EI L=@L=I. FHB/ D=>E/ @H/=HE= *=H=KI=EJ8E
E=KI FA@=CCE
EI K
ELAHIEJAJ=I! I?E=E
E=E 4I=E! A@K4CE7= ` %5

,EIAHJ=?E7= CE
== 8E
E=KI FA@=CCE
E K
ELAHIEJAJ -@K4CE7I 4I 4HOFJEAI J=HO>7A.

2EHE
E
4=I FHB/ D=>E/ @H/ -LO@= 2=HJE3=KI4EA
5 8E
E=KI FA@=CCE
EI K
ELAHIEJAJ=I! I?E=E
E=E 4I=E! A@K4CE7= ` %5

=HE=E. FHB/ D=>E/ @H/ /E
J=KJ=I ,6AO@= 2=JA=JE4I EH 1
BH=JE4I E
IJEJKJ=I! JA?D
CE7I 4I=E! E
BH=JE4I E
CE
AHE7= ` % 6 FHB/ D=>E/ @H/ 2=HE7
= *=H4=KI4=EJ5 8E
E=KI FA@=CCE
EI K
ELAHIEJAJ=I! I?E=E
E=E 4I=E! A@K4CE7= ` %5 @?/ @H/ 
= 2
4ALE8EA
5 8E
E=KI FA@=CCE
EI K
ELAHIEJAJ=I! I?E=E
E=E 4I=E! FIE?DCE7= ` $5 @H/ )K3H= :=6=KI4EA
5 ;E=KE> FA@=CCE
EI K
ELAHIEJAJ=I! I?E=E
E=E 4I=E! A@K4CE7= ` %5

F
A
J=E. FHB/ D=>E/ @H/ 2=HC=HEJ= 6AHAIALE8EA
5 8OJ=KJ ,E@CE7 K
ELAHIEJAJ=I! I?E=E
E=E 4I=E! A@K4CE7= ` % 5 @?/ @H/ 2=EH= 2A8EKE=KI4EA
5 8E
E=KI FA@=CCE
EI K
ELAHIEJAJ=I! I?E=E
E=E 4I=E! A@K4CE7= ` %5

,EIAHJ=?E7= >KI CE
== LEA3=A -@K4CE7I 4I 4HOFJEAI J=HO>I FI5@O7A $ / L=I=HE 5
/ < @/ <" L=/! 8E
E=KI FA@=CCE
E K
ELAHIEJAJ 2A@=CCE4I EH FIE?DCE7I B=4KJAJA )@HAI=I. 5JK@A
J> C/ '! 6A&<$! 8E
EKI! EAJKL=

,EIAHJ=?E7I I=
JH=K4= E3IEK
JE
5J= ,EIAHJ=?E7F C=E= FAHCEGH5JE 8E
E=KI FA@=CCE
E K
ELAHIEJAJ EH EAJKLI
=?E
=E
57A 2=HJO
 2=CLO@ >E>EJA4IA/

D 8E
E=KI FA@=CCE
EI K
ELAHIEJAJ=I! #

164,7+616DA IF=JE= E
JAECA
?A HAFHAIA
JI =
EFHJ=
J @=E
B DK=
?C
EJELA B=?KJEAI/ 1
F=HJE?K=H =J FHE=HO I?D IJ=CAI! JDA AAA
JI B IF=JE= E=CA =O DAF J E
JAHFHAJ = HA IFDEIJE?=JA@ LAH>= E
BH=JE
B =>IJH=?J A=
E
C =
@ HAIFA?JELAO ?
?HAJE6A =
@ =?JK=E6A EJ! DA
?A ?
JHE>KJE
C J JDA =?KEHAA
J B ?C
EJELA! ?HA=JELA! ?K
E?=JELA =
@ A=H
E
C ?FAJA
?AI/

0MALAH! JDA ?
EA@E=JA 4
MA@CA B JDA IKHHK
@E
C BHI =
@ JDAEH ?HA=JE
! JD=J M=I FHAL=EE
C E
JDA
A=HAIJ F=IJ!
M=@=OI EI AII =
@ AII >IAHLA@ E
?DE@HA
/ 6DA KAIJE
! DM = ?AHJ=E
>7A?J D=I JKH
A@ J >A?A =I EJ EI! EI >AE
C H=EIA@ AII =
@ AII BHAKA
JO *KH
AE4= J/! / 9EJDKJ JDEI E
EJE= EFKIE
B ?C
EJE
! JDA IACA
J=JE
B >7A?J E
J EJI ?
IJEJKA
J AAA
JI =
@ JDA IA=H?D E
J DM JDAO =HA E
JAH?

A?JA@ IAAI J >A IE
C EJI HAAL=
?A/ )
@ EJ EI 
O =J I?D JD=J JDA ?
JAFH=HO ?DE@HA
=HA CELA
JDA J=I4 MDAHA>O JDAO D=LA J ANAH?EIA JDAEH ?=F=>EEJO B ?HA=JE
C E
JDAEH E
@ = @O
=E? E=CA B JDA >7A?J/ 6DEI A=@I J= ?B)E?J   >AJMAA JDA IFJ=AKI =JJEJK@A B = ?JAFH=HO ?DE@ JM=H@I DEI IKHHK@EC ALEHAJ =@ JDA A@K?=JE HAGKEHAAJI IAJ =J I?D6DAHABHA! IK?D J=I4I BH JDA I?D?DE@HA
MD =?4 FH=?JE?= I4EI E
CAAJHE?= JH=
IBH=JE
BJA
=FFA=H J >A J ?FE?=JA@/

2H>A HAAL=?A/ 
A B JDA FIIE>A M=OI KJ B JDA IEJK=JE
?K@ >A J IKFFAA
J JDA @EHA?J E
LLAA
J B = ?DE@ E
JDA ?HA=JE
B = HA= A
LEH
A
J >O =
JDAH =?JELEJO =EA@ =J IJEK=JE
C JDA BH=JE
B CAAJHE? E=CAI/ 6DA IJK@EAI ?
@K?JA@ =>H=@ 
JDA EF=?J B =
K= L=
0EAA 2/! <''%M 5DK=4L/ ;/ AJ =/! <''& =
@  =
@ LEHJK= -EIA
>AHC 2/ AJ =/! <''%M EIDE4= )/!<''' CAAJHE? ?
IJHK?JELA =?JELEJEAI KF
JDA I?D?DE@HA
\I ?=F=>EEJEAI HALA= JDAEH FIEJELA ABBA?J 
@EBBAHA
J JOFAI B CAAJHE? B=?KJEAI/ 0MALAH! JDA=L=E=>EEJO B FKHFIABK IOIJAI JD=J ?
LAO JDA ?
JA
J B FHE=HO CAAJHE? A@K?=JE
>=IA@  JDA CAAJHE? ?IJHK?JE   EI OAJ LAHO I?=H?A =@ JDA ANFAHEAJ= IJK@EAI  JDA >AABEJI B ?IJHK?JELA =?JELEJO E JDA =HEJO B ?=IAI =HA CHK@A@  JDA =JJ=EAJ @=J= =I E@ELE@K=O HA?H@A@ >O = EEJA@ K>AH B HAIF@AJI5DK=4L/ ;/ AJ =/! <''& =
@ M -EIA
>AHC 2/ AJ =/! <''%M EIDE4= )/! <'''/ 1J IDK@ >A
JA@ JD=J = ?
IE@AH=>A
K>AH B JDAH ANFAHEA
J= IJK@EAI 
JDA @ALAFA
J B CAAJHE? ?=F=>EEJEAI 8=EJ4G
EA
5 /! <'%M *>EI J/! <''M /KJEAHHA6 )/! <''M /KJEAHHA6 )/! <''$M ODHA
>PHCAH 2/! <''&M 2AHI?DAOAHA*HOMAH +/! <'''M *=HAJJ J/-/! <M 6DFI
2/9/! M 6= ,/! ! J! =@@HAII = EEJA@
K>AH B HAIF
@A
JI/ 5K?D IEJK=JE
ECDJ >A FHA?
@EJE
A@ >O JDA IFA?EBE?I B IJK@O AJD@I =
@ JDA ?FANEJO B HA?H@E
C CAAJHE? =JJ=E
A
JI @KA J JDA =CAAHA=JA@ IFA?EBE? BA=JKHAI B HAIF
@A
JI/

#


JDA JDAH D=
@! E
FKHIKA B AEE
=JE
C JDA =BHAA
JE
A@ ?
BE?J >AJMAA
JDA IF
J=
AKI =JJEJK@A B = @AH
?DE@ JM=H@I DEI IKHHK
@E
C A
LEH
A
J =
@ JDA CAAJHE? I?D A@K?=JE
! JDA ?
?AFJE
B JDA A?D=
EI! MDAHA>O JDA CAAJHE?= E=CAI =HA BHA@! JD=J IDK@ >A ANFHA@! BEHIJ B =! 
JDA JDAHAJE?= ALA! EI
 AII EFHJ=
J JD=
JDA JA?D
CO IAA?JA@ >O JDA A@K?=JH BH JDA BH=JE
B CAAJHE? E=CAI/ 6DA L=KA B JDA E
JACH=JA@ FHE=HO A@K?=JE
?KHHA
JO >A?E
C JDA EIIKA B E
?HA=IA@ B?KI *A=
A J/)/! <''%M 5ELAH 0// AJ =/!  @AFA
@I 
JDA @AFJD B JDA E
IECDJ E
J JDA FH?AII B E=CA BH=JE
/ 6DAD)EIJE?=FFH=?D JM=H@I JDA =
=OIEI B A@K?=JE
EFOE
C = IEKJ=
AKI E
IECDJ E
J JDA CAAJHE? A@K?=JE
BH JDA FE
J B LEAM BFDOIFDO =JDA=JE?I FA@=CCE?I FIO?DCO EGKEIJE?I =@ AIJDAJE?I?K@ A
=>A E
JH@K?JE
B
AM =IFA?JI E
J JDA FHE=HO CAAJHE? A@K?=JE
/ 0A
?A! JDA A@K?=JE
HA=E= ?K@ >A HALEAMA@ MEJD =
AM A=
E
C =
@ = ME@AH =
@ @AAFAH K
@AHIJ=
@E
C *EJE
=I */! / 
JDA 
A D=
@! JDA =
IMAHI BHK=JA@ >=IA@ 
L=HEKI I?EA
JEBE? HAIA=H?DAI BH E
IJ=
?A! DM CAAJHE? E=CAI =HA BHA@M MD=J =HA JDA IJ ABBA?JELA M=OI J IJEK=JA JDA FH?AII B CAAJHE? E=CAI ?K@ >A ?>E
A@ =
@ IFA?EBEA@ MEJDE
JDA ?
JANJ B FHE=HO A@K?=JE
/ 
JDA JDAH D=
@! JDA A?D=
EI B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
?K@ FIIE>O >A @AAFAH FA
AJH=JA@>O =FFOECE
=@@EJE
J AFEHE?= HAIA=H?DJDAJHE=CK=JE B AJD@IAFOA@ E
JDA JDAHAJE?= =
=OIEI B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
FH?AII/

5FA?E=EIA@ HAIA=H?D  IF=JE= E=CAI B JDA EJDK=E= I?D?DE@HAM=I ?
@K?JA@ >O 8=EJ4G
EA
5 / <'$'! <'%M 2E43OJ5 /A// <'%"! >=IA@ 
JDA MH4 B   <'&'/ 6DA IJ HA?A
J IJK@EAI 
JDA CAAJHE? =
@ IF=JE=! ?=F=>EEJEAI B JDA EJDK=
E=
7K
EH I?D?DE@HA
FHLE@A ?
?KIE
I MDAHA>O JDA ANEIJE
C IEJK=JE
MEJDKJ JDA AL=K=JE B ANFAHEAJ= EF=?J  JDAEI LAHLEAMA@ CAAJHE? E=CAI B ?DE@HA*>HL= / EH 4EJE! <M /EH@6E7=KI4EA
5 5/! <M :EIAEL= ,/! <M :EIAEL= ,/ EH 4EJE! <M :EIAEL= / EH 4EJE! <M ,K@=EJ5 J/ EH 4EJE! / 6DKI! HA ?FHADA
IELA JD=J =HA >=IA@ 
JHE=
CK=JE
 ANFAHEA
J= FA@=CCE?= IJK@EAI 
JDA IFA?EBE?I B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
E
?DE@HA
B MAH ?=IIAI! MDE?D E
FHE
?EFA =@@HAII JDA EIIKA 
JDA ?=KIAI >ADE
@ JDA @EBBE?KJEAI A
?K
JAHA@ >O ?DE@HA
B 7K
EH I?D =CA E
JDA @ALAFA
J B CAAJHE? E=CAI JDA EFE?=JE
I MDAHAB 1 @E@
J =
=CA J BE
@ AEJDAH E
JDA EJDK=
E=
H BHAEC
I?EA
JEBE? EJAH=JKHA! =HA IJE LAHO I?=H?A! >JD =>H=@ =
@ E
EJDK=
E=/ 6DAHABHA! JDA I?EAJEBE? FH>)A,=@@HAIIA@ E
JDEI IJK@OEI JDA =?DEALAAJ B HA ABBA?JELA CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE =J FHE=HO I?D IJ=CAI  JDA >=IEI B DEIJE? =FFH=?D J JDA CAAJHE? A@K?=JE   6DA IJK@O >A?JELAEI J CAJ @AAFAH 4
MA@CA B JDA A?D=
EI 
JDA BH=JE
B CAAJHE? E=CAI =J FHE=HO I?D/   6DA IK>A?J ,=JJAH B JDA IJK@O   EI JDA BH=JE
B CAAJHE? E=CAI =J 7K
EH I?D =CA IJ=CAI/

$

H JDA FKHFIA B JDEI IJK@O! JDACA,AJHE? E,=CAIHABAH J JDAHAIKJI >J=EA@ >O HAFH@K?EC JDA FAH?AFJ B =>IJH=?J AAAJI JD=J ?IJEJKJA JDA ?JAJ B CAAJHO/

1
EJE=O! JDAHA M=I H=EIA@ JDA BME
CDOFJDAIEI. JDA BH=JE
B CAAJHE? E=CA @AFA
@I 
JDA @ALAFA
J B E=CA IJHK?JKH= AAA
JI! =IJAHE
C B E=CAI ANFHAIIE
AJD@I =
@ JDA K=EJO B FH=?JE?= CAAJHE? ANFAHEA
?A I4EI/

7F
LAHEBOE
C JDA =BHAA
JE
A@ DOFJDAIEI! JDAHA MAHA BKBEA@ JDA BME
C J=II0  9H
EC KJ B JDAHAJE?=O IK>IJ=JE=JA@ DOFJDAJE?= @A
JDA BH=JE
B CAAJHE? E=CAI =J FHE=HO I?D IJ=CAI >=IA@ 
JDA =
=OIEI B JDA BME
C. • IJHK?JKHA B CAAJHE? E=CAIM  IFA?EBE?I B CAAJHE? E=CAI ANFHAIIE
M  A=IKHAA
JI B E=CAI K=EJ=JELA @ALAFA
J ?D=
CAIM=
EB@  FIIE>EEJEAI BH CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
=J FHE=HO I?D IJ=CAI/  -FEHE?= LAHEBE?=JEB CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
@A ABBA?JELA
AII JDHKCD = FA@=CCE?= ANFAHEA
J JD=J EI >=IA@ 
FH=?JE?= J=I4I B CAAJHE? ?
IJHK?JE
/ )=OIEIBCAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE IFA?EBE?I=J FHE=HO I?D IJ=CAI/ ! 5K=HE%ECB JDAHAJE?= =
=OIEI =
@ AFEHE?= HAIA=H?D HAIKJI =
@@ABEEC B @EHA?JEI J >A FKHIKA@ E E?HA=IEC JDA ABBA?JELAAII B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE FHLAI =J FHE=HO I?D IJ=CAI/

5?EAJEBE? LAJO  = DEIJE? ??AFJE B FHE=HO CAAJHE? A@K?=JE @ABEA@>O =FFOE
C JDA FHE
?EFA B JHE=
CK=JE
MEJD HAIFA?J J IKH?AI! I=FA IAJI =
@ JEA =I MA =I FDEIFDE?! JDAHAJE?= =
@ AFEHE?= AJD@IM  @EI?LAHO B JDAHAJE?= >=?
CHK@ A=>EC A=IKHEC =@ EJAHFHAJ=JE B CAAJHE? E=CAI @ALAFAJ EH ?D=CAI =@ FKHFIABK BH=JE B CAAJHE? E=CAIJDHKCD JDA AIJ=>EIDA
J B ?

A?JE
>AJMAA
JDA ?
?AFJI B CAAJHE? JDE
4E
C ALAI L=
0EAA! <''' =
@ CAAJHE? E=CA IJHK?JKHA     ! <'&'/

6DAHAJE?= =@ FH=?JE?= IECEBE?=?A+HA=JE
=
@ AFEHE?= LAHEBE?=JE
MEJDE
JDA ?
JANJ B =
K= CAAJHE? ?
IJHK?JE
 B JDAHAJE?=O IK>IJ=
JE=JA@@A
JDA BH=JE
B CAAJHE? E=CAI =J FHE=HO I?D IJ=CAI/ )
=OIEI BCAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE IFA?EBE?IE
7K
EH I?D =CA/ 1@A
JEBE?=JE
B FIEJELA K=EJEAI =JJ=?DA@ J CAAJHE? ?
IJHK?JE
E
7K
EH I?D =CA =
@FIIE>EEJEAI  JDA @ALAFAJ B

%

CAAJHE? ?=F=>EEJEAI E FKFEI B FHE=HO I?D/ ,AJAHE
=JE
B@EHA?JEI J >A FKHIKA@ E E?HA=IEC JDA ABBA?JELAAII B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE=J 7K
EH I?D =CA IJ=CA/

6DA HAIKJI B JDA IJK@O =O >A =FFEA@ E
JDA FH?AII B JH=E
E
C BKJKHA JA=?DAHI B FHE=HO I?D/ 6DAO =O =I >A HABAHHA@ J E
D=
@E
C JDA FH>AI 
JDA ?
JE
KEJO B FHE=HO =
@ IA?
@=HO A@K?=JE
ALAI/

6DA @ABA@A@ IJ=JAAJI B JDA @EIIAHJ=JE </ +D=H=?JAHEIJE?I B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
=J FHE=HO I?D IJ=CAI.  ME@A H=
CA B E=CAI K=EJO L=HE=JE
I BH IO
?HAJEI J FHFAHJOA>=IA@ ?=IIEBE?=JE
M  IFA?EBE?I B JFCE?=! FH7A?JE
A>=IA@ =
@ AJHE?= E=CAI BH=JE
FH?AIIM  @AFA
@A
?A B CAAJHE? E=CAI ANFHAIIE

JDA ALA =
@ JOFAI B E=CAIM  ?HHA=JE
I >AJMAA
JDA ALA B E=CAI =
@ JDA =CA H CA
@AH B ?DE@HA
MMA=4  K
AK= ABBA?JELA
AII B AJD@I =FFEA@ BH JDA BH=JE
B @EBBAHA
J E=CAI/ / 6DA ?=KIAI K
@AHOE
C ?AHJ=E
@EBBE?KJEAI JDA FKFEI B FHE=HO I?D A
?K
JAH MEJD HAIFA?J J JDA BH=JE
B CAAJHE? E=CAI =FFA=H =I BMI.  IJHK?JKH= ?FANEJO B E=CAIM  EC
H=
?A B FIO?DCE?= ?D=H=?JAHEIJE?I HA=JA@ J JDA BH=JE
B E=CAIM  =>IA
?A B =>IKJAO FAHBA?J AJD@ BH JDA BH=JE
B E=CAI/ / 6DA FH?AII B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
=J FHE=HO I?D IJ=CAI ?K@ >A =@A HA ABBA?JELA JDHKCD JDA BME
C.  E
JA
JE
= @EBBAHA
JE=JE
B JFCE?=! FH7A?JE
A>=IA@ =
@ AJHE?= E=CAI BH=JE
AJD@I =
@ I?FAM  E
?HA=IA@ B?KI 
JDA FIO?DCE?= A?D=
EII B E=CAI BH=JE
FH?AIIM  FKHFIABK ?>E
=JE
B HA L=HEAC=JA@ CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
IJOAIM  FKHFIELA IAA?JE
B J=I4I J A
?KH=CA JDA LA BH IO
?HAJE? J IO
JDAJE? E=CAI/

60- 4-5-)4+0 $-60,%/;11
H@AH J D=LA = @AAFAH E
IECDJ E
J JDA FH?AII B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
=J FHE=HO I?D IJ=CAI! JDA HAIA=H?D M=I ?
@K?JA@ BME
C JDAFHE?EF)A B JHE=CK)=JE/

1
JAHI B JDAHAJE?= =
=OIEI! JDA CAAJHE? A@K?=JE
M=I IJK@EA@ >O E
JACH=JE
C JDA 4
MA@CA 
JDA BH=JE
B CAAJHE? E=CAI FHLE@A@ >O =JDA=JE?I! FA@=CCO! FIO?DCO =
@ AIJDAJE?I E
J = IE
CA DEIJE? ?
?AFJE
/ 6DAHA M=I =FFEA@ JDA

&

JHE=
CK=JE
B FDEIFDE?= CE?= @A@K?JE HABA?JE ECKEIJE? ==OIEI =@ @E=A?JE?= ==OIEI B A@K?=JE=
@ JDAHAJE?= IOIJA ==OIEI   ?F=H=JELA ==OIEI =@ A@K?=JE= @AEC AJD@I/ 6DA AFEHE?= HAIA=H?D M=I ?=HHEA@ KJ BME
C JDA FHE
?EFA B JHE=
CK=JE
=FFEA@ MEJD HAIFA?J J JDA I=FA IAJI! JEA =
@ AJD@I/ 6DA IK>IAJ B CAAJHE?= E=CAI HAIA=H?DAI @EBBAHE
C BH JDAHI E
JAHI B IKH?AI! I=FE
C! JEE
C =
@ AJD@I E
A=?D F=HJE?K=H ?=IA M=I IAA?JA@ BH JDA =
=OIEI MEJD JDA LEAM J JDA JFE? >AE
C =@@HAIIA@ EC/ </

.EC1 1 6FE? B @EIIAHJ=JE IJK@O

6DEI F=HJE?K=H ?DE?A B JDA IJK@O IJHK?JKHA M=I =@A @KA J JDA BME
C HA=I
I.  JFE? B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
E
7K
EH I?D =CA MEJDE
JDAJDA FA@=CCE?= A
LEH
A
J IJE HAKEHAI BKHJDAH E
LAIJEC=JE
M  JDA FDA
A

K
@AH E
LAIJEC=JE
EI B = H=JDAH ?FAN
=JKHA JDAHABHA! EJ IDK@ >A BKHJDAH ANFHA@ J=4E
C E
J =??K
J EJI =JDA=JE?=! FIO?DCE?=! FA@=CCE?= =I MA =I E
CKEIJE? =
@ AIJDAJE? =IFA?JIM  JDA E
JA
JE
M=I J AL=K=JA JDA ABBA?JELA
AII B @EBBAHA
J JH=E
E
C AJD@I/

6DA JDAHAJE?= F=HJ B JDA @EIIAHJ=JEEI @ALJA@ J JDA IA=H?D B =
IMAHI J IFA?EBO JDA ?
?AFJE
I B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
=
@ FHE=HO CAAJHE? A@K?=JE
E
JDA ?
JANJ B JDA BME
C KAIJE
I.  MD=J =HA JDA IJHK?JKH= AAA
JI B CAAJHE? E=CAIQ  CAAJHE? E=CAI =
@ JDAEH ANFHAIIE
BHI K
@AHC E
MD=J ?D=
CAI @ 7K
EH I?DAHI E
JDA ?KHIA B A=H
E
C FH?AIIQ '

IFEFK?DIHO=EHFO>@AHBQHK@AAI=>A=KEOJBEC=IADMIDK@JDA



  MD=J IDK@ >A HABAHHA@ J =I JDA >=IE?I B CAAJHE? A@K?=JE
Q  K
@AHOE
C JDA @EBBE?KJEAI B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
MD=J =HA JDA ?=KIAI FH?AIIQ  DM IDK@ JDA ?
JAFH=HO BH=JE
B CAAJHE? E=CAI 4 E4A =J I?DQ

6DA AJD@CO B AFEHE? HAIA=H?DEI E
JH@K?A@ E
JDA BEHIJ ?D=FJAH B JDA IA?
@ F=HJ B JDA @EIIAHJ=JE
/   6DAFH>)A,B JDA AFEHE?= HAIA=H?D EI JDA AFEHE?= IK>IJ=
JE=JE
B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
4
MA@CA/ 6DA IJK@O>A?JELAEI J @AJAHE
A JDA IFA?EBE?I B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
E
7K
EH I?D =CA =
@ LAHEBO JDA @A 
JDA BH=JE
B CAAJHE? E=CAI =J FHE=HO I?D IJ=CAI EC/ "/ 6DA IJK@OIK>A?J ,=JJAHEI JDA FH?AII B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
E
7K
EH I?D =CA/

6DA BH=JE
B CAAJHE? E=CAI =J FHE=HO I?D IJ=CAI M=I =
=OIA@@E=A?JE?=O =
@E ?FE=?A MEJDJDA HAKEHAA
JI BI?EAJEBE?   FHE?EFA/ 6DA HAIKJI B @EBBAHA
J I?EA
JEBE? IJK@EAI MAHA E
JAHFHAJA@ E
JDA ?
JANJ B FHE=HO A@K?=JE
>O =FFOE
C JDA AJD@ B CE? @A@K?JE/ 6DA @EBBE?KJEAI B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
FH?AII E
JDA A=HO I?D =CA MAHA E
LAIJEC=JA@ KIE
C JDAAJD@ B HABA?JE=
@ JDA ?=KIAI >ADE
@ JDA @EBBE?KJEAI A
?K
JAHA@ >O ?DE@HA
E
K
@AHIJ=
@E
C JDA =JDA=JE?= JAHE
CO MAHA IA=H?DA@ E
J >O =FFOE
CJDA AJD@ B ECKEIJE? ==OIEI/ 0A
?A!JDA DEIJE? ??AFJE B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JEM=I CH=@K=O ?
IJHK?JA@ =
@ CA
AH=E6A@ KIE
C JDADOFJDAJE?= @A B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE E A=HO I?D =CAEC/" =I @ABE
A@ E
JDA JDEH@ ?D=FJAH B JDA JDAHAJE?= F=HJ JDAHAJ/

6DA FA
E
C ?D=FJAH B JDA JDAHAJE?= F=HJ B JDA @EIIAHJ=JE
FHLE@AI = ?FHADA
IELA =
=OIEI B CAAJHE? E=CA ?
?AFJE
?LAHE
C JDA IJHK?JKHA B E=CA =
@ JDA AJD@I 
JDA AL=K=JE
B E=CAI/ 6DA IA?
@ ?D=FJAH EI @ALJA@ J = @AAFAH E
IECDJ E
J JDA JFE? B CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
/

6DA AFEHE?= IJK@O M=I B?KIA@ 
JDA =
IMAHI J JDA BME
C KAIJE
I.  MD=J ?D=
CAI @AI JDA ?DE@EID K
@AHIJ=
@E
C B CAAJHE? JFCE?=! FH7A?JE
A>=IA@ =
@ AJHE?= E
BH=JE
K
@AHCQ  MD=J ?D=
CAI @AI JDA ?DE@EID ANFHAIIE
B CAAJHE? E=CA ?F
A
JI K
@AHCQ  DM FKFEI B FHE=HO I?D A=H
J =FFO CAAJHE? E=CAI DM JDAO ?HA=JA
AM CAAJHE? IJHK?JKHAI =
@ DM JDA KJ?AI B JDEI ?HA=JE
FH?AII HA=JA J JDA ALA B E=CAIQ

6DA A,FEHE?=) HAIA=H?DM=I ?
@K?JA@ >O =FFOE
C JDA BME
C,AJD@I' </ K=EJ=JELA.  JOFCO B CAAJHE? E=CA JOFAIJFCE?=! FH7A?JE
A>=IA@ =
@ AJHE?=(  @A)>=IA@ BH=JELA ANFAHEAJ(  FA@=CCE?= >IAHL=JEKF
=4E
C HA?H@I E
= IFA?E= 7KH
=M  ?F=H=JELA ==OIEI(  ?JAJ ==OIEIB CAAJHE? E=CAI ANFHAIIE
 / 5KHLAOI.  JAIJEC'?F
A JBBHA BE@AI 
=EHJE
KAI JIAJ AAHDJ J HAD@
AJB @AAALE
I NEA JO K=EJO A=IKHAA
J B CAAJHE? E=CAI JDA   ANFH=JHOHAIA=H?D BH ?=IIAI B BH 18!JDA @A?=H=JELA   HAIA=H?DBH ?=IIAI B BH 111!JDA BEHIJ =@ JDA IA?@ @E=CIJE?   HAIA=H?DAIBH JDA ANFAHEA
J= ?=IIAI B BH 111 =
@JDA HAFA=JA@ HAIA=H?DBH JDA ANFAHEA
J= =
@

AANFAHEA
J= ?=IIAI B BH 18M  GKAIJE=EHA)>=IA@ EGKEHO'= IE
CA KAIJE

=EHA JDA E
KEHO ?
@K?JA@ BH JDA FKHFIA B BE
@E
C KJ JDA FE
E
B I?D?DE@HA
BH JDA ANFAHEA
J= ?=IIAI B BH 111/ / K=
JEJ=JELA.  JOFCO B L= 0EAA ALAI B CAAJHE? JDE
ECFHAAHA?C
EJE
! LEIK=! @AI?HEFJELA! H@AHE
C =
@ @A@K?JELAM 

6DAHAJE?= >=?(CHK@ B AFEHE?= IJK@OEI FHLE@A@ >O JDA FIO?DCE?= JOFCO B CAAJHE? E=CA ?F
A
JI! FA@=CCE?= L=
0EAA ALAI B CAAJHE? JDE
4E
C =
@ JDA FIO?DCO B LAH>=! CH=FDE? =
@ AIJDAJE? ANFHAIIE
B E=CAI/

6DA ANFAHEA
J= IJK@O 
JDA @ALAFA
J B CAAJHE? E=CAI =J FHE=HO I?D IJ=CAI M=I F=

A@ >=IA@ 
JDA DOFJDAJE?= CAAJHE? E=CAI BH=JE
@A IK=HE6E
C JDA JDAHAJE?= IJK@O B JDA IK>7A?J =JJAH EC/ "/ 1
FKHIKA B =LE@E
C K

A?AII=HO IFDEIJE?=JE
! JDA IJK@O D=I >AA

=HHMA@ @M
J JDA AL=K=JE
B JDA EF=?J JD=J JDA =
K= ?
IJHK?JELA CAAJHO D=I KF
JDA CAAJHE? E=CAI B I?D?DE@HA
/ 1J IDK@ >A
JA@ JD=J @EI?KIIE
I 
JDA FHFAHJEAI B CAAJHE? E=CAI E@A
JEBEA@ MEJDE
JDA BH=AMH4 B AL=K=JE
C JDA AHEJI B JDEI F=HJE?K=H JOFA E/A/

ALEHJK=! AJD@E?= =
@ FKHFIABK B I?DMH4 =?JELEJO =HA ?A =?HII E
JDA I?EA
JEBE? EJAH=JKHA A=IJ BHAKA
JO/

 FKFEI B 7K
EH I?D =CAQ  B CAAJHE? E=CAI IDK@ >A @ALAFA@ =
@ DM E
H@AHMD=J ?F
A
JI J =?DEALA ABBA?JELA
AIIQ

@>ODE?DALM
==@=JI=IIJAEALA=?D>AH@J?EHJAACBA>A@KDIAI=CE