Hidden node aware routing method using high-sensitive sensing device for multi-hop wireless mesh network

Parvin Shamsad, Fujii, Fujii Takeo

Description

Throughput maximization is one of the main challenges in multi-hop wireless mesh network (WMN). Throughput of the multi-hop WMN network seriously degrades due to the presence of the hidden node. In order to avoid this problem, we use a combination of the high-sensitive sensing function and beacon signalling at the routing. The purpose of this sensing function is used to avoid the hidden node during route formation in the self flow. This function is considered to construct a route from the source node to the destination node without any hidden node. In the proposed method, high-sensitive sensing device is utilized in both route selection and in the media access. The accuracy of our proposed method is verified by numerical analysis and by computer simulations. Simulation results show that our proposed method improves the network performance compared with the conventional systems which do not take account of the hidden node.

Informations

• Publié par: biomed
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 36
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Parvin and Fujii EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2011, 2011:114
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2011/1/114
RESEARCH Open Access
Hidden node aware routing method using
highsensitive sensing device for multi-hop wireless
mesh network
*Shamsad Parvin and Takeo Fujii
Abstract
Throughput maximization is one of the main challenges in multi-hop wireless mesh network (WMN). Throughput
of the multi-hop WMN network seriously degrades due to the presence of the hidden node. In order to avoid this
problem, we use a combination of the high-sensitive sensing function and beacon signalling at the routing. The
purpose of this sensing function is used to avoid the hidden node during route formation in the self flow. This
function is considered to construct a route from the source node to the destination node without any hidden
node. In the proposed method, high-sensitive sensing device is utilized in both route selection and in the media
access. The accuracy of our proposed method is verified by numerical analysis and by computer simulations.
Simulation results show that our proposed method improves the network performance compared with the
conventional systems which do not take account of the hidden node.
1 Introduction achieve as high throughput as possible over the network
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) are emerging as a new [3,4]. Typically, the source and the destination nodes for
attractive communication paradigm owing to their low a particular data packet are not within direct
communicost, easy maintenance and rapid deployment. The cation range. This leads to a multi-hop scenario where
application scenarios for WMN include wireless broad- the packet must be routed and forwarded through other
band internet access, intelligent transportation systems, nodes in the network on the way to the destination
transient networks in convention centers, and disaster nodes. Many routing protocols have been studied for
recovery. In WMNs, nodes are comprised mesh routers sending data from the source node to the destination
and mesh clients [1]. Wireless mesh routers are inter- node [5,6]. These protocols ignore the Effect of the
hidconnected as a multi-hop backbone to provide mesh cli- den node problem. The hidden node is related to the
ents, network access. As shown in Figure 1, among all Transmission range, Carrier sense range and
Interfermesh routers, some have client connectivity (mesh ence range of a station [7,8]. The hidden nodes refer to
access points), and some have internet gateway capabil- the nodes within the interference range of the intended
ity. The mesh backbone then supports multi-hop com- destination and out of the carrier sense range of the
munication among mesh routers. WMNs are source node [8]. Then packet collision occurs at the
dynamically self-organized and self-configured, with the intended destination node due to the hidden node.
Moreover, compared with the infrastructure Basic Ser-nodes in the network automatically establishing and
vice Set (BSS) WLAN networks, the wider coverage areamaintaining mesh connectivity among themselves and
compatible with conventional WLAN. Many research in WLAN mesh networks causes more frequent packet
challenges still remain open in the design of the WMNs collision thus limits the network capacity. IEEE 802.11
[1,2]. Routing in multi-hop WMNs has been a hot standard adopts a CSMA/CA protocol as the main body
research area in recent years, with the objectives to of Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) in the
MAC layer [9]. However, the performance of CSMA/CA
* Correspondence: [e-mail] networks is severely affected by hidden node problem.
Advanced Wireless Communication Research Center (AWCC), The University Although the IEEE 802.11 standards employ the Request
of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo 182-8585,
to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) mechanism to solveJapan
© 2011 Parvin and Fujii; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Parvin and Fujii EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2011, 2011:114 Page 2 of 17
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2011/1/114
Internet
Wireless
Mesh backbone
Mesh router
With gatewayMesh router
With gateway
Sensor network
WiFi network
Wimax network
Mobile ad hoc
network
Figure 1 A wireless mesh network.
the carrier sense range [12-19]. Vaidya [15] shows thatthe hidden node problem, it increases overhead for
communication and is not used for short-sized packet the MAC overhead, bandwidth dependent and
band[10]. width independent have a significant effect on the
A fundamental problem of the multi-hop WMN is the choice of carrier sensing range. Zhai [16] identify the
degradation of performance with the increasing the optimum carrier sensing range for different data rates.
number of hops [11]. The limitation is mainly because However, they did not consider the next hop selection
of the self flow and multi-flow interference caused by of the routing protocol.
the hidden node in the multi-hop network. In this paper Therefore, in this paper we focus on the hidden node
we classify the interference due to the hidden node into avoidance technique for the self flow interference. The
two types: self flow interference and multi-flow interfer- aim of this paper is to select a route between the source
ence. Self flow interference is caused by the hidden node and the destination node that is protected from
nodes in the same flow. On the other hand, multi-flow the hidden node of the self flow. This is accomplished
interference is caused by the other flow of the neighbor using a high-sensitive sensing function in the route
connode. In these interference, self flow interference is a struction. In the proposed routing method, it is
considserious problem because their own transmitted packets ered that every node utilizes high-sensitive sensing
are collide each other in the flow. The self flow interfer- devices like the secondary terminal in the cognitive
ence and multi-flow interference caused by the hidden radio [20-22]. Every node senses the medium for
selectnodeareshownintheFigure2.Someworkshavebeen ing the route as well as for the medium access control.
done to improve the network throughput and to In the proposed routing method, we uses beacon signal
decrease the number of packet collision by optimizing to select the next hop node. The beacon signal is usedParvin and Fujii EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2011, 2011:114 Page 3 of 17
http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2011/1/114
N
M
interference
X
X
A
source Destinationsource A B Destination
(b)(a)
Figure 2 Interference due to the hidden nodes (a)Single flow. (b) Multi-flow.
for selecting the next hop node. First a node broadcast a these metrics unable to remove the self flow interference
Route Request (RREQ) packet. In the next frame, the in a flow due to the hidden node problem and causes
same node transmits the beacon signal to inform all frequent data collisions. Therefore, in this paper, we
neighbor nodes about its presence. All the nodes that propose a routing method that selects a path without
any hidden node. For this purpose we chose a node as areceive the beacon signal from that node relay the
next node of the route that is not a hidden node usingRREQ packets. The node will be selected as the next
node of the route. Such operation is repeated from the beacon signaling. The aim of the proposed routing
source node until the RREQ packet arrives at the desti- method is to construct a route without any hidden
nation node. The destination node then sends the Route node. The proposed routing method can mitigate the
Reply(RREP)packettowardthesourcenode.Sinceall hidden node, no matter which routing metrics is used
nodes in the route can detect the beacon signal of its for the route selection. As the conventional routing
proprevious hop node, the route can be selected as to tocol, AODV uses hop count metric to choose the
remove the self flow interference due to the hidden shortest hop length path we also use hop count metric
nodes. for path selection. However, the proposed routing
Different types of routing metrics are proposed in the scheme also works well if it use other routing metrics
multi-hop WMN to find the best possible paths between such as ETX and ETT for path selection. This is
the source and the destination node [6,23-25]. In [23], because most of the routing metrics does not concern
the Expected Transmission Count (ETX) was proposed about the hidden node collisions due to the self flow
to minimize the expected total number of transmissions interference.
required to successfully deliver a packet over a wireless In the proposed routing method, spectrum sensing is
link. The Expected transmission time (ETT) [24] metric considered to detect the beacon signal of the previous
is an extension of ETX which considers Different link hop node. Several spectrum sensing methods have been
routes or capacities. ETT is the expected time to suc- studied [26,27]. Energy detection is one of the very
popcessfully transmit a packet at the MAC layer. The Air- ular methods because of its simpli