High precision X-ray spectroscopy on highly charged argon ions [Elektronische Ressource] / presented by Hjalmar Bruhns

Sujets

• Physik

Informations

• Publié par: ruprecht-karls-universitat_heidelberg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 21
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

Dissertation
submitted to the
Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics
of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany
for the degree of
Doctor of Natural Sciences
presented by
Dipl.-Phys. Hjalmar Bruhns
born in Heidelberg
Oral examination: 21.12.2005High precision x-ray spectroscopy on
highly charged argon ions
Referees: Prof. Dr. Joachim Ullrich
Prof. Dr. Dirk SchwalmZusammenfassung:
3IndieserArbeitwurdenHochpr¨azisionsmessungenderWellenl¨angender1s2s S →1
2 1 1 2 1 16+¨1s S (“z”)und1s2p P → 1s S (“w”)Uberg¨angeinAr ,sowiedesLyman-α0 1 0 1
16+ 17+¨ ¨UbergangsinCl unterNutzungderLyman-α Ubergangswellenl¨angeinAr als1
ReferenzmiteinemneuenFlachkristallro¨ntgenspektrometeranderHeidelbergElek-
tronenstrahlionenfalle (HD-EBIT) durchgefu¨hrt. Ein neuartiges, hochpra¨zises Ver-
fahren zur Braggwinkelbestimmung wurde entwickelt, welches zwei Strahlen sicht-
baren Lichts zur Feststellung des Reflektionsorts der Rontgenstrahlung nutzt, wo-¨
durch der Gebrauch von Eingangsspalten vermieden wird, durch welche sonst ein
nicht hinnehmbarer Verlust an Rontgenstrahlung durch Kollimation entstunde. Re-¨ ¨
−5lative Genauigkeiten besser als Δλ/λ < 10 wurden fu¨r die Messung aller drei
16+ ¨Linien erzielt. Die gemessene Energie des Cl Lyman-α Ubergangs ist in hervor-1
¨ragender Ubereinstimmung mit der theoretischen Vorhersage sowie fru¨heren experi-
¨mentellen Arbeiten, jedoch 4 mal genauer. Die Energie des z-Ubergangs, welche nie
zuvor in Argon gemessen wurde, stimmt mit den Vorhersagen innerhalb des Fehler-
¨balkens uberein. Die w-Ubergangsenergie, obschon doppelt so genau wie und in¨
¨hervorragender Ubereinstimmung mit fruheren experimentellen Werten, weicht von¨
der Vorhersage um mehr als 2σ ab und deutet auf deren Unvollstandigkeit hin.¨
Abstract:
3 2 1High-precision wavelength measurements on the 1s2s S → 1s S (“z”) and1 0
1 2 1 16+1s2p P → 1s S (“w”) transitions in Ar as well as of the Lyman-α tran-1 0 1
16+ 17+sition in Cl with respect to the Lyman-α transition in Ar were carried out,1
using a new flat crystal spectrometer installed at the Heidelberg electron beam ion
trap (HD-EBIT). A novel, highly accurate technique of Bragg-angle determination
was developed, employing two beams of visible light reflected on the x-ray crystal to
mark the x-ray reflection position. The need for collimating entrance slits causing
unacceptable x-ray flux losses is thereby avoided. Relative uncertainties of better
−5than Δλ/λ < 10 were achieved in the measurement of all three lines. The mea-
16+sured Cl Lyman-α transition energy is in perfect agreement with the theoretical1
prediction and previous experimental work, however 4 times more accurate. The z
transition energy, never measured before in argon, agrees with predictions within
its error bar. The w transition energy, while in perfect agreement with but two
times more accurate than earlier experimental results, disagrees with by 2σ with
predictions, pointing at their possible incompleteness.Contents
Introduction 1
1 Theory of the atomic structure 5
1.1 Modelling an atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 The Lamb shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.1 Quantum electrodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.2 Nuclear size effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Complex systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.1 Many-body Hamiltonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.2 Many-body wave functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3.3 Solving the many-body problem: perturbation theory . . . . . 16
1.3.4 Solving the many-body problem: variational methods . . . . . 17
1.3.5 Solving the many-body problem: nuclear size and recoil cor-
rections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.6 Solving the many-body problem: QED approaches. . . . . . . 19
1.3.7 Experimental tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2 X-ray spectroscopy on highly charged ions 25
2.1 The source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.1 The Heidelberg-EBIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2 The detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3 Choice of reference lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4 Finding an advantageous experimental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
iiiContents
3 The novel x-ray spectrometer 39
3.1 The spectrometer setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 A novel method of x-ray reflection position calibration . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.1 Properties of the distance ratio curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.2 Remarkable features of the a/b - method . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.3 Systematic error sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3 The modified spectrometer setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.4 Data acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4 Data analysis and results 55
4.1 X-ray spectrum analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2 X-ray line peak position determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.3 Visible light fiducial analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.4 Obtaining a/b distance ratios from the data files . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.5 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.5.1 Experimental setup and data acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.5.2 Details of the x-ray spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.5.3 Analysis of the a/b distance ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.5.4 From Bragg-angle differences to wavelengths . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.5.5 Completing the measurement: chlorine Lyman-α . . . . . . . . 86
4.6 Discussion of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.6.1 Comparison of the different theoretical approaches . . . . . . . 92
4.6.2 Comparison with measurements in other He-like ions . . . . . 95
4.6.3 Sensitivity of the measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5 Conclusion and Outlook 99
A Appendix 103
A.1 Spectrometer control programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
A.2 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Bibliography 111
ivIntroduction
X-rays play an important role in a large variety of applications. Their ability to
penetrate deeply into matter in combination with the strong dependence of their
absorption on the material makes them an unique tool for high-contrast transillu-
mination imaging, as used e.g. in medicine and for material analysis. In addition,
this method is largely non-destructive, making it an important technique to study
invaluable ancient objects and, by using x-ray diffraction techniques even old, once
erased layers in reused paintings and books can be revealed. In biology their short
wavelength allows high resolution microscopy, e.g. to investigate the inner struc-
tures of cells, and x-ray protein structure determination at modern synchrotrons
has become a standard tool. X-rays emitted by astrophysical plasmas shed light
on the composition and temperature of stars and cosmic nebulae. With x-ray spec-
troscopy, the distribution of elements in matter as well as the atomic structure can
be determined. This versatility makes x-rays one of the most important tools for
many research fields like material science, biology, chemistry and physics and, con-
rdsequently, sources of ever increasing brilliance like 3 generation synchrotrons or
free-electron x-ray lasers, planned at Hamburg and Stanford, are continuously being
developed.
Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen described his discovery of x-rays in 1895 in a publication¨
in Wurzburg’s Physical-Medical Society journal. The importance of his findings¨
for medical purposes was soon realized, and R¨ontgen was the first to be awarded
the Nobel Prize in physics in 1901. In 1912 Max von Laue simultaneously proved
the symmetrical atomic arrangement in crystals and that x-rays are part of the
electromagnetic spectrum by studying their diffraction in crystals, for which he
received the Nobel Prize in 1914. William L. Bragg and his father were given
this honour in 1915 for the description of the diffraction process, commonly known
as Bragg’s law, and for laying the foundation of crystallography and crystal x-ray
spectroscopy. Evenaftermorethan90yearsthecrystalspectrometerisstillthemost
commonly used tool for high-precision x-ray measurements in the energy region of
1− 10keV. X-ray spectroscopy is mainly used for chemical analysis in industrial
applications, however the highest precision is needed in physics, e.g. in astrophysics
1Introduction
and fusion research or to test state-of-the-art atomic structure calculations. In the
following it will be shown that in all these applications in physics, highly charged
ions (HCI) are the key objects to study.
In the past, ground-based telescopes have accumulated a tremendous amount of
data on cosmological objects in the visible range. Due to absorption in the at-
mosphere the x-ray spectrum emitte