Molecular and functional analysis of volatile isoprenoids in Arabidopsis [Elektronische Ressource] / von Mengsu Huang

Mhuang

Sujets

• Biologie

Informations

• Publié par: friedrich-schiller-universitat_jena
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 22
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 6 Mo

Extrait

Molecular and Functional Analysis of Volatile Isoprenoids in
Arabidopsis


Dissertation

zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.)










vorgelegt dem Rat der Biologisch-Pharmazeutischen Fakultät
der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena

von Master in Science
Mengsu Huang
geboren am 24.08.1977 in Jiangsu, China

 
 













 
 
 
 
Gutachter: 
 
Prof. Dr. Jonathan Gershenzon, Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Ökologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Boland, Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Ökologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
Prof. Dr. Jörg-Peter Schnitzler, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research
(IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen

Tag der öffentlichen Verteidigung: 13.Sep.2010
 
  
Table of contents
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 
1.1 Plants and their invisible volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ............................................ 1 
1.2 Volatile terpene biosyntheses and regulations ...................................................................... 3 
1.3 Caryophyllene: an important sesquiterpene .......................................................................... 6 
1.4 Objectives of this thesis ....................................................................................................... 12 
2. Chapter I. Variation of herbivore-induced volatile terpenes among Arabidopsis
ecotypes depends on allelic differences and subcellular targeting of two terpene synthases,
TPS02 and TPS03 .............................................................................................................. 14 
2.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 16 
2.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 17 
2.3 Results ................................................................................................................................. 19 
2.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 36 
2.5 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 44 
2.6 Supplemental Material ........................................................................................................ 53 
3. Chapter II. The major volatile compound emitted from Arabidopsis thaliana flowers,
(E)-β-caryophyllene, is a defense against bacterial pathogens .......................................... 57 
3.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 58 
3.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 59 
3.3 Results ................................................................................................................................. 61 
3.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 70 
3.5 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 74 
4. Chapter III. (E)-β-caryophyllene-induced molecular and physiological responses in
Arabidopsis thaliana suggest a role in resistance to oxidative stress................................ 80 
4.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 81 
4.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 82 
4.3 Results ................................................................................................................................. 84 
4.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 94 
4.5 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 99 
5. Discussion .................................................................................................................... 103 
5.1 Various volatile terpenes with diverse ecological functions ............................................. 103 
一 
 5.2 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 112 
6. Summary ...................................................................................................................... 113 
7. Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................................... 114 
8. References ................................................................................................................... 116 
9. Curriculum Vitae ......................................................................................................... 131 
10. Acknowledgements ................................................................. 133 
11. Eigenständigkeitserklärung ....................................................................... 135 

二 
 1. Introduction 
 
1. Introduction
1.1 Plants and their invisible volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Plants are sessile for most of their life cycle, but seem to compensate for their
immobility in plant-organism interactions by emitting a huge variety of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) into the environment from both above-ground (leaves and flowers) and
below-ground (roots) tissues. The amount of plant volatile emission is several orders of
magnitude higher than that of animals (Dicke and Loreto, 2010). About 1700 organic
compounds, with enough vapor pressure at normal temperature and pressure to volatilize,
have been found to be released from plants (Dicke and Loreto, 2010; Loreto and Schnitzler,
2010). The estimated annual global VOC emission is 1150 tera-gram per year (Guenther et
al., 1995). Most VOCs can be assigned into following groups (see Table 1.1).

Table 1.1 Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Group Name of examples
Simple gas carbon dioxide (CO ) 2

C1 and C2 oxygenated compounds methanol (CH OH, CH O) 3 4
formaldehyde (CH O) 2
ethanol (CH CH OH, CH O) 3 2 6
acetaldehyde (C H O) 2 4
Terpenes hemiterpene (C5): e.g. isoprene and methylbutenol
monoterpene (C10): e.g. limonene, myrcene, (E)- β-ocimene
sesquiterpene (C15): e.g. (E)- β-caryophyllene
e.g. methyl jasmonate, green leaf volatiles (C6 aldehydes,
Fatty acid derivatives alcohols and esters)
Benzenoids e.g. benzylacetate, methylsalicylate (Boatright et al., 2004)
e.g. ethyl cinnamate, sinapate derivatives (Dixon et al.,
Phenylpropanoids 2002)
Amino acid derived metabolites e.g. amines, nicotine and other simple alkaloids
Others methane (CH ) 4
ethylene (C H ) 2 4
1 
 1. Introduction 
 
Volatile terpenes (i.e. isoprenoids, terpenoids) represent more than 50% of the total
volatiles released from plants with up to 10 times higher emissions than those of other VOCs
(Pichersky and Gershenzon, 2002; Loreto and Schnitzler, 2010). For instance, isoprene (44%)
and monoterpenes (11%) are major components of annual global VOC emissions (Guenther
et al., 1995). Sesquiterpenes are estimated to make up to 28% of overall plant VOCs in
certain forest sites (Helmig et al., 1999). These substances can comprise a significant fraction
of fixed photosynthetic carbon (Vickers et al., 2009), which leads to the question why plants
release volatile terpenes into the environment. To date, we still have a limited understanding
of the biological role of plant volatile terpene emissions.
Plants release VOCs in different ways: Some plants constitutively emit terpenes
either throughout their whole life cycle or at specific developmental stages, such as flowering,
fruit ripening, leaf and needle maturation and senescence; other plants release terpenes in
association with various biotic and abiotic stresses. Abiotic factors (high light, high
temperature, atmospheric pollutant O , atmospheric CO concentration, water, salt and other 3 2
nutrients) significantly affect volatile terpene emissions (Vickers et al., 2009; Loreto and
Schnitzler, 2010). Among biotic stresses, herbivore feeding and pathogen attack are
triggering factors for inducing the release of VOCs (Mithofer et al., 2005; Holopainen and
Gershenzon, 2010). Constitutively emitted volatil