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Publié par | ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen |
Publié le | 01 janvier 2011 |
Nombre de lectures | 43 |
Poids de l'ouvrage | 7 Mo |
Extrait
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF
NICARAGUAN MIDAS-CICHLIDS (AMPHILOPHUS SPP.)
DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DES DOKTORGRADES DER FAKULTÄT FÜR BIOLOGIE
DER LUDWIG- MAXIMILIANS- UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN
VORGELEGT VON
MATTHIAS GEIGER AM 08. JUNI 2011
ERSTGUTACHTER: PROF. DR. GERHARD HASZPRUNAR
ZWEITGUTACHTER: PROF. DR. GÜNTHER HEUBL
TAG DER MÜNDLICHEN PRÜFUNG: 19. DEZEMBER 2011
WORK PRESENTED IN THIS DISSERTATION WAS PERFORMED IN THE LABORATORY OF
PROF. DR. G. HASZPRUNAR, DIRECTOR OF BAVARIAN STATE COLLECTION OF ZOOLOGY, MUNICH, GERMANY.
WORK WAS PERFORMED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. DR. G. HASZPRUNAR AND DR. U. SCHLIEWEN
THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY CUMULATIVE NATURAL SELECTION IS THE ONLY THEORY WE KNOW OF THAT IS IN
PRINCIPLE CAPABLE OF EXPLAINING THE EXISTENCE OF ORGANIZED COMPLEXITY.
RICHARD DAWKINS
BRITISH ETHOLOGIST, GENETICIST, & POPULARIZER OF GENETICS (1941 ‐ )
EHRENWÖRTLICHE VERSICHERUNG
ICH VERSICHERE HIERMIT EHRENWÖRTLICH, DASS DIE VORGELEGTE DISSERTATION VON MIR
SELBSTÄNDIG UND OHNE UNERLAUBTE BEIHILFE ANGEFERTIGT IST.
ERKLÄRUNG
HIERMIT ERKLÄRE ICH, DASS ICH MICH ANDERWEITIG EINER DOKTORPRÜFUNG OHNE ERFOLG NICHT
UNTERZOGEN HABE UND DASS DIE DISSERTATION NICHT GANZ ODER IN WESENTLICHEN TEILEN EINER
ANDEREN PRÜFUNGSKOMMISSION VORGELEGT WORDEN IST.
Publications from the work presented in this dissertation
Geiger MF, McCrary JK, Schliewen UK (2010)
Not a simple case ‐ A first comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for the Midas cichlid complex in
Nicaragua (Teleostei: Cichlidae: Amphilophus).
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56, 1011–1124.
Geiger MF, McCrary JK, Stauffer, JR (2010)
Description of two new species of the Midas cichlid complex (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Apoyo,
Nicaragua.
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 123, 159–173.
Geiger MF, Mayr C, McCrary JK, Schliewen UK
Molecular Ecology of the Lake Apoyo Midas Cichlid Species Flock.
(submitted to Molecular Ecology)
Table of Contents
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
I ‐ Study System 2
II ‐ Speciation Theory 4
SUMMARY ‐ AIMS OF THIS THESIS 8
MATERIAL & METHODS
Materials Examined 9
Taxon Sampling 10
Morphometry 10
DNA Extraction, PCR, mtDNA & AFLP Genotyping 10
Phylogeny Reconstruction & Tests 11
Outlier Locus Detection 12
Inference of Genetic Structure 12
Stable Isotope Analysis 13
Correlating Genetic, Morphometric & Ecologic Differentiation 13
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
I ‐ Molecular phylogeny of Nicaraguan Midas Cichlids 15
II ‐ Taxonomic evaluation of Lake Apoyo Amphilophus 18
III ‐ Molecular Ecology of the Lake Apoyo species flock 20
SUMMARY (GERMAN) 23
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 24
REFERENCES 25
CURRICULUM VITAE 31
APPENDIX
Article I II
Article III
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
CD including online supporting information of Articles I & III
+ full specimen list
+ pdf ‐ files of publications General Introduction Part I – Study System
GENERAL INTRODUCTION PART I – STUDY SYSTEM
Cichlid fish species flocks (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) of the African lakes have served
for decades as prime model systems for evolutionary biology in general and speciation research in
particular (Kocher 2004; Seehausen 2006). Alone the East African cichlid radiations in Lake Victoria,
Malawi and Tanganyika harbour estimated 2000 species (Seehausen 2006), which all belong to a
single major lineage of predominantly Eastern and Southern African cichlids. The sheer size of these
mega‐diverse cichlid species flocks as well as the physical size of the three lakes not only holds
promises but also constraints as a model system, because it is difficult to sample these systems in
toto. Flocks with fewer species that are endemic to small lakes, e.g. crater lakes, thus represent an
interesting alternative model system to study adaptive radiations, if the analysis of complete species
richness is also within the focus. Quite well known are the monophyletic cichlid flocks of
Cameroonian crater lakes with five to eleven species per lake (Schliewen et al. 2001; Schliewen &
Klee 2004; Stiassny et al. 1992; Trewavas 1972). More recently, crater lake species flocks of the
Nicaraguan Midas cichlid complex (genus Amphilophus) attracted the attention of evolutionary
biologists (Barlow 1976; Barluenga & Meyer 2004; Barluenga et al. 2006a; Elmer et al. 2009 & 2010a;
McKaye et al. 2002; Stauffer & McKaye 2002; Stauffer et al. 2008; Wilson et al. 2000). Both,
Nicaraguan Amphilophus cichlids as well as Cameroonian crater lake cichlids belong to phylogenetic
lineages only distantly related to the great East African cichlid radiations and therefore may serve as
comparative systems for the analysis of parallel patterns of speciation. In contrast to the
Cameroonian crater lake assemblages, there are no detailed estimates for cichlid species numbers in
the Nicaraguan crater lakes, and consequently, there has been no established phylogenetic species‐
level framework for the Midas cichlid species complex prior to this work.
Nicaraguan Midas cichlids (Amphilophus spp.) are named after the famous King Midas of the
Greek mythology who was