Suicide or accident? A psychological autopsy study of suicide in youths under the age of 16 compared to deaths labeled as accidents

Freuchen Anne, Kjelsberg Ellen, Grøholt, Grøholt Berit

Description

Objective In the present paper, we describe suicide in youths under 16 years of age and compare their risk factors for suicide to those of older adolescents as described in the literature. Furthermore, we evaluate the possible mislabeling of suicides as accidents, and vice versa. Method We used the data from a nationwide psychological autopsy of youths 15 years and younger who had committed suicide or died in accidents in Norway from 1993 to 2004 (n = 84). We additionally constructed a suicide index to distinguish between the two causes of death. Results The young suicide victims presented, with little gender difference, fewer obvious risk factors and less suicide intent than commonly described for older adolescents. The suicide index distinguished quite well between suicides and accidents, with few cases indicating a possible mislabeling, although some suicide cases could have been labeled as uncertain. Conclusion In line with previous research, suicides in 11-15-year-olds have many similarities to suicides in older adolescents in terms of external circumstances, but they present less apparent warning signs. In our total sample of 84 deaths, there were few indications of incorrect labeling.

Sujets

• Children
• Adolescence
• Suicide
• Accident
• Labeling

Informations

• Publié par: biomed
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 34
• Langue: English

Extrait

Freuchen et al. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2012, 6 :30 http://www.capmh.com/content/6/1/30

R E S E A R C H Open Access Suicide or accident? A psychological autopsy study of suicide in youths under the age of 16 compared to deaths labeled as accidents Anne Freuchen 1,2* , Ellen Kjelsberg 3 and Berit Grøholt 4

Abstract Objective: In the present paper, we describe suicide in youths under 16 years of age and compare their risk factors for suicide to those of older adolescents as described in the literature. Furthermore, we evaluate the possible mislabeling of suicides as accidents, and vice versa. Method: We used the data from a nationwide psychological autopsy of youths 15 years and younger who had committed suicide or died in accidents in Norway from 1993 to 2004 (n = 84). We additionally constructed a suicide index to distinguish between the two causes of death. Results: The young suicide victims presented, with little gender difference, fewer obvious risk factors and less suicide intent than commonly described for older adolescents. The suicide index distinguished quite well between suicides and accidents, with few cases indicating a possible mislabeling, although some suicide cases could have been labeled as uncertain. Conclusion: In line with previous research, suicides in 11-15-year-olds have many similarities to suicides in older adolescents in terms of external circumstances, but they present less apparent warning signs. In our total sample of 84 deaths, there were few indications of incorrect labeling. Keywords: Children, Adolescent, Suicide, Accident, Suicide intent, Labeling

Background suicide are the presence of a psychiatric disorder, sub- Adolescents do commit suicide, even if it is rare under stance abuse, conflict with friend, disruption of a roman- the age of 15. The suicide rate in Norway among 10 – tic relationship, and a previous suicide attempt [3,5]. In 14 year olds in 2001 – 2005 was 1.2/100 000 (boys 1.5, younger adolescents and children, the risk factors are less girls 0.9/100 000) and decreased in 2006 – 2009 to 0.6/100 clear, with lower incidences of diagnosable psychiatric 000 (boys 0.7, girls 0.5/100 000). In 2009, the rate was disorder and less substance abuse; furthermore family 1.3/100 000, compared to 0.7/100 000 in the USA in the factors are important. However, the problems or conflicts age group 5 – 14 years according to the Centers for Dis- between child and parents are often perceived to be of ease Control and Prevention (www.cdc.gov/), decreasing minor importance from an adult perspective [3,6,7]. in Norway to 0.3/100 000 in 2010 (www.ssb.no). Numer- There are differences in typical suicide methods world- ous studies of suicide in older adolescents and young wide, as strangulation (Europe), pesticide (Asia) and fire- adults exist, but there has been relatively little such re- arm (USA) dominate country-specific suicide patterns search on young adolescents and children [1-4]. Among [8], age not taken into account. In his review article, older adolescents, the most important risk factors for Greydanus [9] noted a general trend in the USA toward strangulation as opposed to using firearms in the 10-19- * o [e-mail] year-olds. Strangulation is now reported to be the most 1 D C e o p r a r r e t s m p e n nt de o n f c P e: sy a chiatry,FacultyofMedicine,UniversityofOslo,N-0316, common suicide method in the youngest age group Oslo, Norway [3,6,10]. In some cases, strangulation may look confus- 2 N D -4 e 6 p 0 ar 4 t , m Kr e is n t t ia o n f sa C n hi d l , d N a o n r d wa A y dolescentMen t ta t l he He e a n lt d h, o S f ø t r h la e n a d rt e i t cl H e ospital, inglylikeasphyxiagames,whichare n , tr a i l b s u o n o g utsi t d o et t h h e e Full list of author information is available a realm of autoerotic asphyxia, co ti © 2012 Freuchen et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.