Sustainable development in Darjeeling Hills, India [Elektronische Ressource] : ecological and socio-economic aspects for small-scale farmers with supportive observations from Kanagawa, Japan / vorgelegt von Shilpi Saxena

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• Publié par: johannes_gutenberg-universitat_mainz
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2005
• Nombre de lectures: 32
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 37 Mo

Extrait

Sustainable Development in Darjeeling Hills, India

Ecological and Socio-Economic Aspects
for Small-Scale Farmers
with Supportive Observations from Kanagawa, Japan




Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Grades
“Doktor der Naturwissenschaften”

Am Fachbereich Geowissenschaften
der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz





vorgelegt von
Shilpi Saxena




Januar 2005 2
Eidesstattliche Erklärung


Hiermit versichere ich, Shilpi Saxena, an Eides Statt, daß ich die Arbeit selbständig
und ohne fremde Hilfe verfaßt und keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel
benutzt habe. Diese Erklärung schließt auch alle Zeichnungen, bildlichen
Darstellungen und dergleichen mit ein. Diejenigen Stellen der Arbeit, die dem Wortlaut
oder dem Sinn nach anderen Werken entnommen sind, sind in jedem Fall unter
Angabe der Quelle der Entlehnung kenntlich gemacht. Gleichzeitig versichere ich, daß
die Arbeit noch nicht veröffentlicht oder in einem anderen Prüfungsverfahren als
Prüfungsleistung vorgelegt worden ist.



Mainz, im Januar 2005
Ort/Datum Unterschrift
3

































View of Margaret’s Hope Tea Estate and Hills of Darjeeling District
Photo by SHILPI SAXENA, 2002
4
Table of Contents
Foreword ................................................................................................................. 6


CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................ 7

1. Introduction: Importance of Sustainability, Mountain Ecosystem and
Small-Scale Farmers .................................................................................... 8
1.1. Background for Sustainable Development with Organic Farming ............... 11
1.2. Problem Statement..................................................................................... 14
1.3. Research Objective and Hypotheses.......................................................... 16
1.4. Methodology............................................................................................... 20


CHAPTER 2 .......................................................................................................... 22

2. Geography.................................................................................................. 23
2.1. Darjeeling District, India.............................................................................. 23
2.1.1. Location...................................................................................................... 23
2.1.2. Climate ....................................................................................................... 24
2.1.3. Geology ...................................................................................................... 30
2.1.4. Landforms................................................................................................... 32
2.1.5. Soils............................................................................................................ 34
2.1.6. Vegetation .................................................................................................. 37
2.1.7. Land Use, Crops and Population ................................................................ 39
2.1.8. Effect of Weather and Landslides on Hill Agriculture .................................. 45
2.2. Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan...................................................................... 47
2.2.1. Location...................................................................................................... 47
2.2.2. Climate ....................................................................................................... 48
2.2.3. Vegetation .................................................................................................. 51
2.2.4. Landforms................................................................................................... 52
2.2.5. Land Use, Crops, Soils and Population ...................................................... 53


CHAPTER 3 .......................................................................................................... 57

3. Background Information on Organic Farming in India and Japan ............... 62
3.1. Marketing of Organic Products in India and Japan ..................................... 66
3.2. Distribution Systems for Organic Products in India and Japan ................... 71
3.3. Organic Standards and Certification in India and Japan ............................. 78


CHAPTER 4 .......................................................................................................... 86

4.1. Criteria for Choosing Areas and Farmers ................................................... 87
4.2. Methodology and Materials......................................................................... 89
4.3. Survey Data of Darjeeling District and Kanagawa Prefecture/Kanto........... 94
4.4. Nature of Experimental Plots .................................................................... 132
5

CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................ 141

5. Sustainable Farming in Darjeeling and Supportive Observations
from Kanagawa Prefecture ....................................................................... 142
5.1. Ecological and Socio-Economic Aspects.................................................. 142
5.1.1. Small Income Generating Means.............................................................. 143
5.1.2. Organic Pest and Soil Management with Further Observations................ 152
5.1.3. Composting and Vermiculture................................................................... 172
5.1.4. Organic Crops: Food Security and Food Safety........................................ 178
5.1.5. Alternatives to (Individual) Certification..................................................... 180
5.2. Sustainable Forest Management .............................................................. 183
5.3. The Importance of Educating the Consumer ............................................ 189
5.4. Women and their Role in Hill Farming ...................................................... 192


CHAPTER 6 ........................................................................................................ 194

6. Conclusion................................................................................................ 195
6.1. Sustainable Development: Ecological and Socio-Economic Aspects........ 195
6.2. Future Research....................................................................................... 200


Summary ............................................................................................................. 202














Bibliography......................................................................................................... 205
List of Tables ....................................................................................................... 230
List of Illustrations................................................................................................ 231
Questionnaire Darjeeling District (English) .......................................................... 233
Questionnaire Darjeeling District (Nepali)............................................................ 237
Questionnaire Kanto (English)............................................................................. 241
Questionnaire Kanto (Japanese) ......................................................................... 246
SPSS Tables Kanto............................................................................................. 251
Planting Pattern of Organic Farmer Ohira, Greater Tokyo................................... 254
SASAC SMF-Vegetables and Sales Prices, Darjeeling District ........................... 255
SASAC Planting and Harvest Table for SMF-Vegetables, Darjeeling District ...... 256
Afforestation conducted by the Kurseong Soil Conservation, Darjeeling District.. 257
CV ................................................................................................................. 259

6
Foreword
This research is the continuance of a work (internship) which the author had conducted
in Darjeeling District, India in 1998. The study was based on the homestead gardens
within the tea estates of Darjeeling District. Those homesteads belong to the tea
labourers and serve as an additional income to their work on the tea plantations. As the
author noticed a discrepancy between these farmers and the subsistence farmers
outside# of the tea estate system in terms of food productivity, nourishment and
income, this aroused the curiosity to base my