Victim participation before the international criminal court [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Maren Burkhardt

Maren Burkhardt

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• Recht

Informations

• Publié par: humboldt-universitat_zu_berlin
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 34
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

VICTIM PARTICIPATION BEFORE
THE
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT


Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
doctor iuris
der Juristischen Fakultät
der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
vorgelegt von Rechtsanwältin Maren Burkhardt

Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Werle
Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Florian Jeßberger

eingereicht im Februar 2009
Tag der Disputation: 13. Januar 2010




I

Acknowledgements

During the past years more people have helped me in the process of writing this
dissertation thesis than it is possible to give particular mention here. Therefore, I will
keep it simple.
Above all, I wish to thank my friends and my family for encouraging and helping me
throughout this process.

I would also like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Gerhard Werle.

Finally I would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Hamburger Institut für
Sozialforschung which enabled me to write this thesis.


II

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. I
CHAPTER 1 - Foundations .......................................... 1
A. Introduction ............................... 1
B. Aims, Methodology and Structure of the Study........ 3
C. Sources of Law .......................................................................................... 5
D. Interpretation of legal sources ................................... 8
CHAPTER 2 - The legal situation for victims in international criminal
law prior to the establishment of the ICC .................................................. 11
A. Victims´ participation before the International Military Tribunals at
Nürnberg and for the Far East ................................................................. 11
B. Victims´ participation before the International Criminal Tribunal for
the former Yugoslavia, before the International Criminal Tribunal for
Rwanda and before the Special Court for Sierra Leone .......................... 12
I. Introduction ................................................................................. 12
II. The notion of “victim” ................................................................ 15
III. Participation ................ 18
IV. Conclusion ................................................................................... 24
C. Victims’ participation before the Extraordinary Chambers of the Court
of Cambodia ............................ 28
CHAPTER 3 - Victim participation under the Rome Statute ................. 31
A. Introduction ............................................................................................. 31
B. Aim and Purpose of victim participation ................ 32
I. Purposes of punishment before the ICC ............................................. 32
1. Retribution .............................................. 33
2. Deterrence ............... 35
3. Stigmatization ......................................... 36
4. Incapacitation/neutralization .................. 37
5. Rehabilitation ......................................... 37
6. Norm stabilization/restoration of the rule of law ................... 38
7. Reconciliation ......................................... 40
8. Truth-finding/Acknowledgment ............. 43
9. Victim-related purpose of punishment ... 45
10. Conclusion .............................................................................. 52
II. Object and purpose of victim participation before the ICC ........ 53
III

1. Aims in national contexts ................................................................... 53
2. Giving a voice to victims ... 56
3. Retribution ......................................................... 59
4. Norm stabilization/restoration of the rule of law ............................... 60
5. Reconciliation ..................................................... 61
6. Truth 62
7. Rehabilitation of the victim ................................................................. 65
8. Confrontation ...................................................... 68
9. Link to reparation ................................................ 68
10. Conclusion ........................ 69
III. Victims’ wishes and needs .......................... 70
IV. Conclusion ................................................................................... 78
C. The notion of “victim” ............ 78
I. Development of the term since the establishment of the ICTs ........... 80
II. Scope of the definition ................................................................ 83
III. Possible terminological alternatives ............ 85
IV. Natural persons ............................................................................ 90
V. Harm ............................................................................................ 93
VI. Direct-indirect ............. 99
VII. Family members ........................................................................ 102
VIII. Commission of any crime within the Jurisdiction of the
Court .......................................................................................... 105
IX. Causal link (“as a result of”) ..................... 111
X. Individual – collective ............................... 114
XI. Conclusion ................................................................................. 117
D. Conclusion ............................ 117
CHAPTER 4 - The ICC’s provisions on participation .......................... 118
A. Introduction ........................................................................................... 118
B. Participation in the preliminary examination stage ............................... 118
I. Outreach as a precondition for participation...................................... 118
II. Initiation of the proceedings ...................................................... 122
1. Situation Referral by the SC or States .............. 123
2. Propriu motu investigations .............................. 130
3. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 136
III. Participation in the investigations according to Art. 68(3) ....... 138
1. Applicability of Art. 68(3) ................................ 138
IV

2. The Conditions for the granting of victim status .............................. 153
3. The modalities of participation ......................................................... 155
IV. Conclusion ................................................. 156
C. Pre-trial .................................................................. 157
I. The pre-trial procedure ...................................... 157
II. Participation according to Art. 19 ............................................. 158
III. Participation in Status Conferences ........... 162
IV. Participation in the confirmation hearings according to
Art. 61 ........................................................................................ 163
V. Participation according to Art. 68 ............. 165
1. Who may participate ......................................................................... 167
2. Conditions accorded to participation ................ 169
3. Modalities and extent of participation according to Art. 68 ............. 170
VI. Participation in proceedings according to Art. 18 ..................... 175
VII. Conclusion ................................................................................. 176
D. Trial ................................... 176
I. Who can participate? ........ 177
II. Application ................................................................................ 182
1. The application .................. 183
2. When to apply, time limits ................................................................ 187
3. Onus of proof .................................................... 191
III. Legal representation .. 196
1. The choice of the legal representative ............................................... 196
2. The common legal representative ..................... 198
3. Financing of the legal representative ................ 205
4. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 209
IV. Rejection of the application for participation ............................ 209
V. Modalities and extent of participation ....................................... 211
1. Right to attend ................................................... 212
2. Statements ......................................................... 214
3. Observations ...................... 217
4. Submissions ................................ 219
5. Ask questions to witnesses/experts/accused ..................................... 222
6. Right to submit evidence ................................... 225
7. Right to consult the records .............................. 230
8. Other possible rights ......................................... 233
9. Participation without legal representation ......... 234
V

10. Not prejudicial to or inconsistent with the rights of the