Two Ages of Worker Emigration. Migration and Non-Migration in an Industrial Village - article ; n°6 ; vol.58, pg 623-653

C. Détang-Dessendre, N. Renahy, S. Gojard

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Population - Année 2003 - Volume 58 - Numéro 6 - Pages 623-653
Renahy Nicolas, Détang-Dessendre Cécile, Gojard Séverine.- Deux âges d'émigration ouvrière. Migration et sédentarité dans un village industriel À partir de l'étude d'une cohorte d'individus nés de 1939 à 1946, recensés en 1954 dans un village industriel de l'Est de la France, cet article met en évidence un modèle de sédentarisation de la main-d'œuvre ouvrière. Celui-ci voit l'intégration d'ouvriers non qualifiés par l'alliance avec des femmes autochtones, puis la reproduction locale du statut d'ouvrier par l'aîné des fils. Une aristocratie ouvrière émerge ainsi, à travers des mécanismes de parenté correspondant à un état donné du marché du travail. Ce résultat est obtenu en combinant enquête ethnographique (reconstitution de trajectoires de lignées dans l'espace et dans le système d'emploi) et travail statistique (ACM et modèles de durée). La même opération, réalisée sur une cohorte d'individus nés dans les années 1960, indique que le modèle ne fonctionne plus. L'autochtonie, véritable clé d'entrée dans ce marché local du travail au cours des années 1960, pousse dans les années 1980 à la migration en raison de la crise de l'emploi local.
Renahy Nicolas, Détang-Dessendre Cécile, Gojard Séverine.- Two Ages of Worker Emigration. Migration and Non-Migration in an Industrial Village Based on the study of a cohort of individuals born between 1939 and 1946 enumerated in an industrial village in eastern France in the 1954 census, this article presents a model of working-class non-migration. The integration of unskilled workers is shown to proceed by marriage with local-born women, followed by the local social reproduction of worker status by firstborn sons. A labour aristocracy thus emerges, through kinship mechanisms that correspond to a given state of the labour market. This result is obtained by combining an ethnographic survey (reconstruction of the trajectories of lines of descent in space and in an employment system) and statistical analysis (MCA and failure-time models). The same operation conducted on a cohort of individuals born in the 1960s indicates that the model no longer functions. As a result of the local unemployment crisis, the local origins that were the key to access to the local labour market in the 1960s become an incentive to migration in the 1980s.
Renahy Nicolas, Détang-Dessendre Cécile, Gojard Séverine.- Dos etapas de emigra- ción obrera. Migración y sedentarismo en un municipio industrial A partir del análisis de una cohorte de individuos nacidos entre 1939 y 1946 y censados en 1954 en un municipio del este de Francia, este articulo présenta un modelo de sedentarismo de la mano de obra trabajadora. En base a este modelo, la integración de los obreros no califi- cados se produce a través de la alianza con las mujeres autóctonas, y la reproducción local del status de obrero a través del hijo mayor. Es asi que aparece una aristocracia obrera, a través de mecanismos de parentesco que corresponden a una situación determinada del mercado de trabajo. Estos resultados se obtienen combinando una encuesta etnográfica (para reconstituir las trayectorias familiares en el espacio y en lo referente al empleo) y análisis estadístico (ACM y modelos de duración). Sin embargo, el modelo déjà de funcionar si se toma como base una cohorte de individuos nacidos durante los aňos sesenta. El hecho de ser autóctono, clave para la entrada en el mercado de trabajo local durante los aííos sesenta, empuja a la migración durante los ochenta, debido a la crisis del empleo local
31 pages
Source : Persée ; Ministère de la jeunesse, de l’éducation nationale et de la recherche, Direction de l’enseignement supérieur, Sous-direction des bibliothèques et de la documentation.

Sujets

• Sociologie, société et politique

Informations

• Publié par: POPULATION0
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2003
• Nombre de lectures: 7
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

N. Renahy
Cécile Détang-Dessendre
S. Gojard
Two Ages of Worker Emigration. Migration and Non-Migration in
an Industrial Village
In: Population, 58e année, n°6, 2003 pp. 623-653.
Citer ce document / Cite this document :
Renahy N., Détang-Dessendre Cécile, Gojard S. Two Ages of Worker Emigration. Migration and Non-Migration in an Industrial
Village. In: Population, 58e année, n°6, 2003 pp. 623-653.
http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/pop_1634-2941_2003_num_58_6_18458Résumé
Renahy Nicolas, Détang-Dessendre Cécile, Gojard Séverine.- Deux âges d'émigration ouvrière.
Migration et sédentarité dans un village industriel À partir de l'étude d'une cohorte d'individus nés de
1939 à 1946, recensés en 1954 dans un village industriel de l'Est de la France, cet article met en
évidence un modèle de sédentarisation de la main-d'œuvre ouvrière. Celui-ci voit l'intégration d'ouvriers
non qualifiés par l'alliance avec des femmes autochtones, puis la reproduction locale du statut d'ouvrier
par l'aîné des fils. Une aristocratie ouvrière émerge ainsi, à travers des mécanismes de parenté
correspondant à un état donné du marché du travail. Ce résultat est obtenu en combinant enquête
ethnographique (reconstitution de trajectoires de lignées dans l'espace et dans le système d'emploi) et
travail statistique (ACM et modèles de durée). La même opération, réalisée sur une cohorte d'individus
nés dans les années 1960, indique que le modèle ne fonctionne plus. L'autochtonie, véritable clé
d'entrée dans ce marché local du travail au cours des années 1960, pousse dans les années 1980 à la
migration en raison de la crise de l'emploi local.
Abstract
Renahy Nicolas, Détang-Dessendre Cécile, Gojard Séverine.- Two Ages of Worker Emigration.
Migration and Non-Migration in an Industrial Village Based on the study of a cohort of individuals born
between 1939 and 1946 enumerated in an industrial village in eastern France in the 1954 census, this
article presents a model of working-class non-migration. The integration of unskilled workers is shown to
proceed by marriage with local-born women, followed by the local social reproduction of worker status
by firstborn sons. A labour aristocracy thus emerges, through kinship mechanisms that correspond to a
given state of the market. This result is obtained by combining an ethnographic survey
(reconstruction of the trajectories of lines of descent in space and in an employment system) and
statistical analysis (MCA and failure-time models). The same operation conducted on a cohort of
individuals born in the 1960s indicates that the model no longer functions. As a result of the local
unemployment crisis, the local origins that were the key to access to the local labour market in the
1960s become an incentive to migration in the 1980s.
Resumen
Renahy Nicolas, Détang-Dessendre Cécile, Gojard Séverine.- Dos etapas de emigra- ción obrera.
Migración y sedentarismo en un municipio industrial A partir del análisis de una cohorte de individuos
nacidos entre 1939 y 1946 y censados en 1954 en un municipio del este de Francia, este articulo
présenta un modelo de sedentarismo de la mano de obra trabajadora. En base a este modelo, la
integración de los obreros no califi- cados se produce a través de la alianza con las mujeres
autóctonas, y la reproducción local del status de obrero a través del hijo mayor. Es asi que aparece una
aristocracia obrera, a través de mecanismos de parentesco que corresponden a una situación
determinada del mercado de trabajo. Estos resultados se obtienen combinando una encuesta
etnográfica (para reconstituir las trayectorias familiares en el espacio y en lo referente al empleo) y
análisis estadístico (ACM y modelos de duración). Sin embargo, el modelo déjà de funcionar si se toma
como base una cohorte de individuos nacidos durante los aňos sesenta. El hecho de ser autóctono,
clave para la entrada en el mercado de trabajo local durante los aííos sesenta, empuja a la migración
durante los ochenta, debido a la crisis del empleo localTwo Ages of Worker Emigration
Migration and Non-Migration
in an Industrial Village
Nicolas RENAHY*, Cécile DÉTANG-DESSENDRE**
and Séverine GOJARD***
To identify the non-migration model that operated for
workers in a small industrial village in eastern France in the
1960s, Nicolas Renahy, Cécile Détang-Dessendre and
Séverine Gojard employ a complex apparatus of observation
analysis. This combines quantitative and qualitative data collec
tion with ethnographic survey and event history approaches, and
makes it possible to reveal the accumulated insider advantages of
the population of local origin (notably in terms of networks) com
pared with new arrivals. Twenty years later the context had
changed dramatically and this model is no longer valid. Besides
its value as a monographic study, this article is of interest for the
approach it proposes, which integrates a qualitative perspective
with a quantitative treatment of the data collected.
The combined analysis of spatial and social mobility is less deve
loped in France than in English-speaking countries (Greenwood, 1997).
Studies conducted on French data by economists (Jayet, 1996; Détang-
Dessendre et al., 2002) or demographers (Baccaïni et al., 1993; Courgeau,
2000; Baccaïni, 2001) focus on the occupational and residential motivat
ions for migration, but the relation between spatial and social mobility re
ceives little attention. For the male cohorts born in France between 1911
and 1930, Blum et al. (1985) established the existence of a link between
upward social mobility and geographical migration. Their work was car
ried further in the 1990s by the INED team working on the Proches et
Parents survey, based on a representative sample of the French adult popul
ation in 1990. Bonvalet and Maison (1999, pp. 30-34) developed an origi
nal type of spatial mobility scale, ranging from rural to urban areas and
* INRA-CES/ER and Laboratoire de Sciences Sociales (EHESS/ENS).
** INRA-CES^R.
*** INRA-CORELA and de Sciences Sociales
Translated by Paul Belle.
Population-E 2003, 58(6), 623-654 624 N. Renahy et al.
from the provinces to Paris, onto which intergenerational social mobility
is superimposed. The sons of workers (and even more those of self-
employed persons) and residents of rural communes are very likely to be
immobile, whereas managers and people with university degrees have a
clear propensity to inter-departmental migration.
In addition, studies based on intergenerational data make it possible
to measure the influence of kinship in shaping individual trajectories,
whether it concerns the role of parents and grandparents (see Scardigli and
Mercier, 1978; Santelli, 2001) or the characteristics of an individual's
sibling group, given the coexistence of "several dependence phenomena
between social outcomes for siblings of the same sex" (Zarca, 1999, p. 3;
see also Rosental, 1995). Are these kinship influences immutable or do
they vary depending on the economic context in which they are observed?
Research by Sayad (1977) showed that the meaning taken by the migration
derives from the configuration of the group of origin — defined by kinship
but also by neighbourhood — the individual leaves behind, and that of the
group he enters. In both cases, the important point is that individual mi
gration is determined by membership of a local social milieu, which has
its own logics of reproduction that are themselves part of an economic
context. Consequently, to each generation there corresponds a given state
of the labour market, a situation that Sayad defines by the term "age". We
use this framework of analysis, enriched by the inclusion of kinship rela
tions, to study non-migration among members of working-class families in
Foulange, an industrial village in eastern France, with a view to under
standing how the articulation of social and spatial mobility is shaped by
conditions in the labour market. This small village had a population of
600 inhabitants in 1999. After setting out our approach in part one, we
analyse the relations between social hierarchy, local origins, and non-
migration, based on the study of a cohort of individuals born at the turn of
the 1940s. We then present a model of working-class non-migration and
compare this model with the migration and occupational characteristics of
the inhabitants of Foulange born twenty years later.
I. A monographic examination
of family reproduction in the working class
Jean Dupuis, a retired worker, was born in Foulange and worked
there all his life. Born in 1921, he was fourteen when his father, a farmer,
died in an accident. He remained with his mother (who was born in the vi
llage at the end of the nineteenth century and had inherited her father'