For more than half a century, the United States has led the world in developing major technologies that drive the modern economy and underpin its prosperity. In America, Inc., Linda Weiss attributes the U.S. capacity for transformative innovation to the strength of its national security state, a complex of agencies, programs, and hybrid arrangements that has developed around the institution of permanent defense preparedness and the pursuit of technological supremacy. She examines how that complex emerged and how it has evolved in response to changing geopolitical threats and domestic political constraints, from the Cold War period to the post-9/11 era.Weiss focuses on state-funded venture capital funds, new forms of technology procurement by defense and security-related agencies, and innovation in robotics, nanotechnology, and renewable energy since the 1980s. Weiss argues that the national security state has been the crucible for breakthrough innovations, a catalyst for entrepreneurship and the formation of new firms, and a collaborative network coordinator for private-sector initiatives. Her book appraises persistent myths about the military-commercial relationship at the core of the National Security State. Weiss also discusses the implications for understanding U.S. capitalism, the American state, and the future of American primacy as financialized corporations curtail investment in manufacturing and innovation.
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LîbraryoCongressCataogîng-în-PubîcatîonDataWeîss, Lînda (Lînda M.), author. Amerîca înc.? : înnovatîon and enterprîse în the natîona securîty state / Lînda Weîss. pages cm — (Corne studîes în poîtîca economy) Incudes bîbîographîca reerences and îndex. ISBN 978-0-8014-5268-0 (coth : ak. paper) ISBN 978-0-8014-7930-4 (pbk. : ak. paper) 1. Mîîtary-îndustrîa compex—Unîted States. 2. Natîona securîty— Unîted States—21st century. I. Tîte. II. Serîes: Corne studîes în poîtîca economy HC110.D4W48 2014 338.0973—dc23 2013038090
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Contents
1. The National Security State and Technology LeadershipTheU.S.PuzzeTheArgumentRe-vîewîngtheNSS–PrîvateSectorReatîonshîpExîstîngAccounts:Dîscountîng,Sîdeînîng,CîvîîanîzîngtheStateTheApproachoThîsBookNewThînkîngontheAmerîcanState
2. Rise of the National Security State as Technology EnterpriseEmergence(1945–1957)Growth:TheSputnîkEfect(1958–1968)Crîsîs:LegîtîmatîonandInnovatîonDeficîts(1969–1979)ReormandReorîentatîon:Begînnîngs(1980–1989)ReormandReorîentatîon:Consoîdatîon(1990–1999)Re-vîsîonîng(2000–2012)
3. Investing in New VenturesGeopoîtîcaRootsotheU.S.VentureCapîtaIndustryPost–CodWarTrends:NewFundsoraNewSecurîty Envîronment
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4.BeyondSerendipity:ProcuringTransformativeTechnologyTechnoogyProcurementversusR&D:TheActîvîstEemento Government PurchasîngSpîn-OfandSpîn-Around—SerendîpîtousandPurposeuBreachîngtheWa:EdgîngtowardMîîtary-Commercîa(Re-)Integratîon
Howdoesanon-Amerîcanacademîccometowrîteabookaboutthecon-trîbutîon o the U.S. natîona securîty state to Amerîca’s îndustrîa economy? The sîmpe response îs that the înterpay o state and economy sîts at the center o a my work. A more consîdered response—to the extent that one can answer these “orîgîn” questîons wîth any precîsîon—woud be that my înterest dates rom my days as a graduate student at the London Schoo o Economîcs durîng the 1980s. There, the înterdîscîpînary Patterns o Hîstory semînar brought together a range o hîgh-powered schoars who, înter aîa, expored the împact o înternatîona pressures, most notaby war, on domes-tîc poîcîes and înstîtutîons. Later, a serîes o workshops convened between 1989 and 1991 by înternatîona reatîons schoar Fred Haîday and hîstorîca socîoogîst Mîchae Mann enjoîned partîcîpants to jettîson theîr îndîvîdua dîscîpînary conventîons by creatîvey întegratîng the natîona and the înter-natîona în theîr anayses. Inahatîngandmodestway,thîsîswhereIbegan.InCreatîng Capîtalîsm(1988), whîch ocused maîny on the postwar Itaîan poîtîca economy, I ex-amîned the înfluence o war and the egacy o occupatîon on natîona poî-cîes or îndustrîa structure and the resutîng dîversîty o poîtîca economîes. InStates and Economîc Development(1995), wîth my coeague John Hobson, I set out to understand what kînd o domestîc structures and înternatîona chaenges ay behînd the rîse and reatîve decîne o îndustrîa powers at dî-erent hîstorîca perîods. It was thîs project that reay tweaked my înterest în the questîon o war, deense preparedness, and îts împact on the îndustrîa economy. InaterworkIexamînedtheînterpayostateandeconomyromaEuropean and East Asîan perspectîve. But the îssue o the roe payed by the state în the Amerîcan poîtîca economy contînued to întrîgue me.