Beyond High Courts

Description

Beyond High Courts: The Justice Complex in Latin America is a much-needed volume that will make a significant contribution to the growing fields of comparative law and politics and Latin American legal institutions. The book moves these research agendas beyond the study of high courts by offering theoretically and conceptually rich empirical analyses of a set of critical supranational, national, and subnational justice sector institutions that are generally neglected in the literature. The chapters examine the region’s large federal systems (Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico), courts in Chile and Venezuela, and the main supranational tribunal in the region, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Aimed at students of comparative legal institutions while simultaneously offering lessons for practitioners charged with designing such institutions, the volume advances our understanding of the design of justice institutions, how their form and function change over time, what causes those changes, and what consequences they have. The volume also pays close attention to how justice institutions function as a system, exploring institutional interactions across branches and among levels of government (subnational, national, supranational) and analyzing how they help to shape, and are shaped by, politics and law. Incorporating the institutions examined in the volume into the literature on comparative legal institutions deepens our understanding of justice systems and how their component institutions can both bolster and compromise democracy and the rule of law.

Contributors: Matthew C. Ingram, Diana Kapiszewski, Azul A. Aguiar-Aguilar, Ernani Carvalho, Natália Leitão, Catalina Smulovitz, John Seth Alexander, Robert Nyenhuis, Sídia Maria Porto Lima, José Mário Wanderley Gomes Neto, Danilo Pacheco Fernandes, Louis Dantas de Andrade, Mary L. Volcansek, and Martin Shapiro.

Sujets

• Political Science
• Courts
• Latin American
• regional
• Courts plc
• Inter-American Court of Human Rights
• Comparative
• World
• LAW
• Caribbean

Informations

• Publié par: University of Notre Dame Press
• Date de parution: 15 mai 2019
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780268102845
• Langue: English

Extrait

BEYOND HIGH COURTS
RECENT TITLES FROM THE HELEN KELLOGG INSTITUTE SERIES ON DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT
Paolo G. Carozza and Aníbal Pérez-Liñan, series editors
The University of Notre Dame Press gratefully thanks the Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies for its support in the publication of titles in this series.
Sérgio Buarque de Holanda Roots of Brazil (2012)
Ignacio Walker Democracy in Latin America: Between Hope and Despair (2013)
Laura Gómez-Mera Power and Regionalism in Latin America: The Politics of MERCOSUR (2013)
Rosario Queirolo The Success of the Left in Latin America: Untainted Parties, Market Reforms, and Voting Behavior (2013)
Erik Ching Authoritarian el Salvador: Politics and the Origins of the Military Regimes, 1880–1940 (2013)
Brian Wampler Activating Democracy in Brazil: Popular Participation, Social Justice, and Interlocking Institutions (2015)
J. Ricardo Tranjan Participatory Democracy in Brazil: Socioeconomic and Political Origins (2016)
Tracy Beck Fenwick Avoiding Governors: Federalism, Democracy, and Poverty Alleviation in Brazil and Argentina (2016)
Alexander Wilde Religious Responses to Violence: Human Rights in Latin America Past and Present (2016)
Pedro Meira Monteiro The Other Roots: Wandering Origins in Roots of Brazil and the Impasses of Modernity in Ibero-America (2017)
John Aerni-Flessner Dreams for Lesotho: Independence, Foreign Assistance, and Development (2018)
Roxana Barbulescu Migrant Integration in a Changing Europe: Migrants, European Citizens, and Co-ethnics in Italy and Spain (2019)
For a complete list of titles from the Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, see http://www.undpress.nd.edu
BEYOND HIGH COURTS
The Justice Complex in Latin America
EDITED BY
Matthew C. Ingram and Diana Kapiszewski
UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME PRESS
NOTRE DAME, INDIANA
University of Notre Dame Press
Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
undpress.nd.edu
Copyright © 2019 by University of Notre Dame
All Rights Reserved
Published in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Ingram, Matthew, editor. | Kapiszewski, Diana, editor.
Title: Beyond high courts : the justice complex in Latin America / edited by Matthew C. Ingram, Diana Kapiszewski.
Description: Notre Dame, Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press, 2018. | Series: Kellogg Institute Series on Democracy and Development | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2017035327 (print) | LCCN 2017036540 (ebook) | ISBN 9780268102838 (pdf) | ISBN 9780268102845 (epub) | ISBN 9780268102814 (hardback) | ISBN 0268102813 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Courts—Latin America. | Justice, Administration of—Latin America. | BISAC: LAW / Comparative. | LAW / Courts. | HISTORY / Latin America / General.
Classification: LCC KG497 (ebook) | LCC KG497 .B49 2018 (print) | DDC 347.8/01—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017035327
∞ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
This e-Book was converted from the original source file by a third-party vendor. Readers who notice any formatting, textual, or readability issues are encouraged to contact the publisher at [e-mail]
CONTENTS
List of Figures and Tables
1 Introduction: Beyond High Courts
Matthew C. Ingram and Diana Kapiszewski
2 Reforms to the Public Prosecutor’s Office in Brazil, Chile, and Mexico: The Role of Justice Sector Interest Groups
Azul A. Aguiar-Aguilar
3 Operationalizing and Measuring Prosecutorial Independence: The Brazilian Case
Ernani Carvalho and Natália Leitão
4 Public Defense and Access to Justice in a Federal Context: Who Gets What, and How, in the Argentinean Provinces
Catalina Smulovitz
5 Judging Elections: Electoral Courts and Democracy in Latin America’s Federal Systems
Diana Kapiszewski, John Seth Alexander, and Robert Nyenhuis
6 The Electoral Court and Party Politics in Brazil
Sídia Maria Porto Lima

7 Watching the Watchmen: The Role of the Brazilian Supreme Court’s Chief Justice in Checking Lower Court Activism
José Mário Wanderley Gomes Neto, Ernani Carvalho, Danilo Pacheco Fernandes, and Louise Dantas de Andrade
8 Judicial Councils in Mexico: Design, Roles, and Origins at the National and Subnational Levels
Matthew C. Ingram
9 Transnational Protection of Human Rights in Latin America
Mary L. Volcansek and Matthew C. Ingram
10 Comparative Law and Courts Studies: Some Reflections and Directions
Martin Shapiro
List of Contributors
Index
FIGURES AND TABLES
Figures
Figure 2.1. The PPO in the criminal process
Figure 3.1. Term length, renewability, and appointing organ
Figure 3.2. Independence of prosecution office in Latin America
Figure 3.3. Internal and external independence
Figure 4.1. Difference between observed and predicted supply of public defenders
Figure 7.1. WS cases filed per year, 1990–2012
Figure 7.2. WS success rate, 1995–2012
Figure 7.3. Pr(WS success) by CJ party and time period
Figure 8.1. Judicial councils in Mexico, by year created
Figure 8.2. Index of council strength across the Mexican states (2012)
Figure 8.3. Combinations of external and internal independence
Figure 8.4. Typology of council roles
Figure 8.5. Proportion of judicial councilors (composition) vs. powers
Figure 8.6. Survival functions
Figure 8.7. Electoral competition and council strength
Figure 8.8. Political parties and council strength

Tables
Table 2.1. Levels of reform of the PPO
Table 2.2. Comparison of formal guarantees of an accusatorial criminal procedure
Table 2.3. Comparison of formal guarantees of the attorney general’s independence
Table 3.1. Indicators of formal independence and corresponding variables
Table 3.2. Variables for qualitative analysis
Table 3.3. Variables of external and internal independence
Table 4.1. Institutional regimes for the provision of public defense in Argentina
Table 4.2. Province-level distribution of independence and friendliness of PDOs
Table 4.3. OLS regression of supply of public defenders
Table 4.4. Difference between predicted and observed supply of public defenders
Table 5.1. Electoral court characteristics: stability, powers, authority, and independence
Table 6.1. Types and frequency of TSE decisions (1945–2002)
Table 7.1. Filer-type distribution (1990–2011)
Table 7.2. Descriptive statistics for all variables
Table 7.3. Effect of legal variables on WS success
Table 7.4. Effect of attitudinal variables on WS success
Table 7.5. Effect of strategic constraints on WS success
Table 7.6. Full model, plus controls and interaction
Table 8.1. Survival analysis of onset of judicial council reform
Table 8.A. Untransformed variables in analysis
Table 9.1. Descriptive statistics
Table 9.2. OLS models with robust-clustered SEs (reg, vce [robust])
Table 9.3. GEE models (xtgee)
CHAPTER ONE
I NTRODUCTION
Beyond High Courts
Matthew C. Ingram and Diana Kapiszewski
This volume seeks to move the collective conversation and research agenda of comparative judicial politics beyond the study of high courts by offering theoretically and conceptually grounded empirical analyses of a set of critical supranational, national and subnational justice sector institutions. Aimed at students of comparative legal institutions while simultaneously offering lessons for practitioners charged with designing such institutions, the volume analyzes justice sector institutions that are generally neglected in the literature, pursuing conceptual and theoretical insights to advance our understanding of the design of these justice institutions, how their form and function change over time, what causes those changes, and what consequences they have. Further, the volume examines how justice institutions function as a system , exploring institutional interactions across branches and among levels of government (subnational, national, supranational) and analyzing how they help to shape, and are shaped by, politics and judicial politics. Incorporating these institutions into the comparative judicial politics research agenda deepens our understanding of justice systems and how their component institutions can both bolster and compromise democracy and the rule of law.

The book takes on these challenges in a specific context: Latin America. While most chapters examine one or more of the region’s large federal systems (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela), the book also considers Chile, as well as the main supranational tribunal in the region, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR). The volume seeks to open a North-South dialogue on these crucial issues: written by a mix of scholars from the United States and Latin America, the volume represents an unusual “meeting of the minds” that transcends borders, bringing vital institutions to life in an analytically rigorous way. 1
The rest of this chapter introduces our efforts in more detail. The next section discusses the empirical and theoretical gaps in the existing literature on comparative judicial politics that motivated this volume. Subsequently, we map the empirical terrain, explaining why the volume centers on Latin America, why it focuses on formal in