Near Infrared Technology

Phil Williams

Description

Paradoxes have become characteristic of the world we live in - poverty and privilege, empire and oppression, migration and enclaveseeking, war and peace, justice and injustice, reconciliation and revenge. During the 2016 Societas Homiletica annual conference held in South Africa, these paradoxes served as a rediscovery of the calling of preachers to deliver the promise that lies within life's contradictions. A divine promise brought forth by the grace of God and the gospel of Christ - embodied in and through us by the Spirit of Christ. This promise may take many forms and calls for discernment and often interrupts the status quos in surprising, shocking ways. It is a promise that interrupts, in order to comfort.

Informations

• Publié par: African Sun Media
• Date de parution: 20 novembre 2019
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781928480310
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Near-infrared Technology: Getting the best out of light
Published by AFRICAN SUN MeDIA under the SUN PReSS imprint
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First edition 2019
ISBN 978-1-928480-30-3
ISBN 978-1-928480-31-0 (e-book)
https://doi.org/10.18820/ 9781928480310
Set in Hind Guntur 10/15
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GETTING THE BEST OUT OF LIGHT

INFRARED

PHIL WILLIAMS with John Antoniszyn & Marena Manley









TECHNOLOGY

NEAR

CONTENTS

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations [ i ]
Acknowledgements [ iv ]
Preamble [ 01 ]
Preface [ 05 ]
01 Introduction, history and the economic benefits of near-infrared spectroscopy [ 07 ]
02 Basic physics and chemistry of NIRS [ 31 ]
03 Reference analysis [ 55 ]
04 Statistical terms for evaluation of accuracy and precision [ 69 ]
05 Introduction to NIRS software [ 103 ]
06 NIR instrumentation [ 137 ]
07 Sampling, sample preparation and sample presentation [ 175 ]
08 Variables that can affect performance of NIR instruments [ 197 ]
09 Calibration development and evaluation methods [ 217 ]
10 Interpretation of calibration evaluation [ 247 ]
11 Applications of NIRS [ 265 ]
Index [ 295 ]





LIST OF

ACRONYMS

ABBREVIATIONS

a Intercept
AACCI American Association of Cereal Chemists International
ADA Automated Digital Analyzer
ADF Acid detergent fibre
AGSA Australian Grain Science Association
AME Apparent metabolisable energy
ANN Artificial neural network
AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists
AOCS American Oil Chemists’ Society
AOTF Acousto-optic tunable filters
APH Australia Prime Hard
ASBC American Society of Brewing Chemists
ASW Australian Standard White
b Regression coefficient or Slope
BOD Biological oxygen demand
CCD Charge-couple device
CGC Canadian Grain Commission
CV Coefficient of variation
CPSR Canada Prairie Spring (Red)
CPSW Canada Prairie Spring (White)
CSP Canadian short process
CSWS Canada Soft White Spring
CWB Canadian Wheat Board
CWES Canada Western Extra Strong
CWRS Canada Western Red Spring
DM Dry matter
DON Deoxynivalenol
ERH Environmental relative humidity
ESBU European Society of Brewing Chemists
FN Falling Number
FT Fourier transform
FT-IR Fourier transform infrared
FT-NIR Fourier transform near-infrared
GH Global H
GPS Global Positioning System
GQA Grain Quality Analyzer
ICC International Association of Cereal Science and Technology
ICNIRS International Council for Near-infrared Spectroscopy
IDRC International Diffuse Reflectance Conference
InGaAs Indium gallium arsenide
IR Infrared
LAN Local Area Network
mid-IR Mid-infrared
MLR Multiple linear regression
MPLS Modified partial least squares
MSC Multiplicative scatter correction
N Nitrogen
NDF Neutral detergent fibre
NH Neighbourhood H
NIR Near-infrared
NIR-HSI Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging
NIR LEDs NIR light-emitting diodes
NIRS Near-infrared spectroscopy
NIT Near-infrared transmittance
NSAS Near-infrared Spectral Analysis Software
OD Optical density
P Phosphorus
PbS Lead sulphide
PC Principal component
PCA Principal component analysis
PCR Principal component regression
PLS Partial least squares
ppm Parts per million
PSI Particle size index
r Correlation coefficient
r 2 Coefficient of determination
RH Relative humidity
RMSD Root mean square of the differences
RMSE Root mean square error
RMSEP Root mean square error of prediction
RPD Ratio of (standard error of) Prediction to (standard) Deviation
rpm Revolutions per minute
SD Standard deviation
SDF Soluble dietary fibre
SEC Standard error of calibration
SECV Standard error of cross-validation
SEL Standard error of the laboratory
SEP Standard error of prediction
SET Standard error of a single test
S/N Signal-to-noise ratio
SIMCA Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy
SKSC Single Kernel Charactersation System
SNV Standard normal variate
SWS Soft white spring
TDF Total dietary fibre
TME True metabolisable energy
TMR Total mixed ration
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
WCWW Western Canada White Wheat
WRONZ Wool Research Organisation of New Zealand
WRW Western Red Winter

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations NEAR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are indebted to the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Value Added Wheat, North Ryde, New South Wales (NSW), for the sponsorship of the Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) course presented in 2003, Vicky Solah from Curtin University, Western Australia (WA), as well as Clare Johnson from the CRC for Value Added Wheat, for the initial encouragement to develop the course. We also acknowledge the valuable comments of Jim Psotka, Philip Clancy, Ian Cowe, Tom Fearn, Diane Malley and Karl Norris with deep gratitude. Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa, is acknowledged for its financial contribution towards publication of this book.



PREAMBLE

Marena Manley
Stellenbosch University
Stellenbosch, Western Cape South Africa

In Canada, until 1972, milling-quality wheat had always been marketed on the basis of grade determined by hectolitre mass and visual characteristics, which was difficult to verify by purchasers of the wheat. During the late 1960s, the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) decided to offer the top two grades of Canadian hard red spring wheat at guaranteed protein levels, following a similar decision made in Australia and the USA – the major difference being that wheat marketing was (and still is) under federal government control in Canada. Most of the flour mills operated with, or had access to, laboratories. Overnight protein content became a critical factor in quality assurance. The enormous task of protein content determination became the responsibility of the Kjeldahl laboratory at the Canadian Grain Commission (CGC) in Winnipeg.
Early in February 1970, Dr Phil Williams was appointed as the ‘Chemist-in-Charge’ of protein-testing ope ra tions. Phil accepted this responsibility, and subsequently upheld the 60 years of integrity in quality assurance for Canadian grains. Up until that time the Grain Research Laboratory at the CGC had used the Gunning-Arnold (back-titration) option of the Kjeldahl test. Phil introduced the more convenient Winkler modification even though the test still took about 2 hours per sample. It became clear that an alternative test was needed for testing rail-carloads at the time of unload into grain terminals at shipping ports, where it took only 4 minutes to unload up to 90 tonnes of wheat. The Orange-G dye-binding test was evaluated, but was found to be too variable.

Late in September 1971, Phil heard of a ‘miracle’ instrument that would do a protein test in 10 seconds, with an accuracy of 0.1%. The instrument was made by the Neotec Corporation somewhere in eastern USA. Phil tracked Neotec to Rockville, Maryland, and phoned the company. The call was relayed to the President of Neotec, Bob Rosenthal, who called Phil within the hour, and described their Instrument. Phil advised his director that they should investigate the instrument, referred to as the ‘Grain Quality Analyzer’ (GQA).
In November 1971, Phil signed the requisition for what was probably the first near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument ever purchased for commercial use in the world. The price was C$7,200. The GQA arrived at the Grain Research laboratory, CGC, on 2 February 1972, a truly memorable day.
Phil had never heard of NIRS until September 1971. He told me that he did not even qualify as a novice. Neither had he heard of Karl Norris, whom he first met in November 1973.
During the next few months Phil regularly communicated with Don Webster, Neotec’s Chief Engineer, and just as often with Harold Moyer, Neotec’s ‘fix-it’ engineer. Temperature sensitivity proved to be one of the first challenges in the stability of the instrument. Neotec addressed this issue by controlling the temperature of the lead sulphide (PbS) detectors. Towards the end of 1973, Neotec loaned the CGC three GQA instruments which enabled protein testing also to be done at elevator level. This meant that testing could now be done at the terminals in Thunder Bay and Vancouver. Phil rejected Bob R