The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh

Flinders Petrie

Description

This early work by the British archaeologist, Flinders Petrie, was originally published in 1883 and we are now republishing it with a brand new introductory biography. 'The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh' is a scholarly work on the surveying and construction of one of the world's ancient wonders. William Matthew Flinders Petrie was born on 3rd July 1853 in Kent, England, son of Wlilliam Petrie and Ann née Flinders. He showed an early interest in the field of archaeology and by his teenage years was surveying local Roman monuments near his family home. Flinders Petrie continued to have many successes in Egypt and Palestine throughout his career, most notably, his discovery of the Mernepte stele, a stone tablet depicting scenes from ancient times. His excellent methodology and plethora of finds earned him a Knighthood for his services to archaeology in 1923.

Informations

• Publié par: Read Books Ltd.
• Date de parution: 06 août 2020
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781528765244
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

THE
PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLES
OF GIZEH.
BY
W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE,
Author of Inductive Metrology, Stonehenge, c .
Copyright 2011 Read Books Ltd.
This book is copyright and may not be reproduced or copied in any way without the express permission of the publisher in writing
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Flinders Petrie
William Matthew Flinders Petrie was born on 3 rd July 1853 in Kent, England, son of William Petrie and Ann Flinders. The young Flinders Petrie was educated at home in a devout Christian household due to his father being a member of the Plymouth Brethren.
He showed an early interest in the field of archaeology and by his teenage years was surveying local Roman monuments near his family home. This enthusiasm resulted in a visit to Egypt in 1880 to study the great Pyramid at Giza, where his analyses were the first to apply observation and logic to investigate how the pyramids were constructed. His meticulous accuracy in measurement still provides a considerable amount of the basic data still used today in the study of the pyramid plateau.
His impressive scientific approach to the field earned him the position of professor at University College London. This recognition secured Filnders Petrie the funds he needed for excavation projects, and in 1884 he returned to Egypt to continue his work.
He would often have over 150 workmen on his digs but would choose to be the foreman of the operation himself. He was popular with his workers, and by reducing the pressure on them to make quick finds, they were able to toil more carefully and unearth small but significant artefacts that would otherwise have been lost or damaged.
Flinders Petrie continued to have many successes in Egypt and Palestine throughout his career, most notably, his discovery of the Mernepte stele, a stone tablet depicting scenes from ancient times. He also developed new excavation methods which revolutionised large scale digging operations. He went on to produce a wealth of publications on his subject, including A Season in Egypt, 1887 (1888), Koptos (1896), Methods Aims in Archaeology (1904), and many more. His excellent methodology and plethora of finds earned him a Knighthood for his services to archaeology in 1923.
In 1896, Flinders Petrie married Hilda Urlin, with whom he had two children, John and Ann. After his retirement, he and Hilda moved to Jerusalem where they lived at the British School of Archaeology. He remained there until his death in July 1942.
THE NINE PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH.
FROM THE SOUTH.
PUBLISHED WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF A VOTE OF ONE HUNDRED POUNDS FROM THE GOVERNMENT-GRANT COMMITTEE OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. 1883.
CONTENTS .

I NTRODUCTION .
1 Methods employed
2 Scope of the present work
3 Use of expressions
C HAP . I.-O BJECTS AND M EANS .
4 Need of fresh measurements
5 Outline of work demanded
6 Stay at Gizeh
7 Assistance obtained
C HAP . II.-I NSTRUMENTS .
8 List of instruments
9 Details of lineal instruments
10 Details of angular instruments
C HAP . III.-M ETHODS OF M EASUREMENT .
11 Lineal measures
12 Angular measures
C HAP . IV.-E XCAVATIONS .
13 Inside Great Pyramid
14 Casing, c, of Great Pyramid
15 Second Pyramid, casing, c.
16 Third Pyramid, casing, c.
17 Workmen
C HAP . V.-C O-ORDINATES .
18 Station marks
19 Table of co-ordinates
C HAP . VI.-O UTSIDE OF G REAT P YRAMID .
20 Relation of sockets to casing
21 Length of sides of casing
22 Levels and positions of sockets
23 Levels up the Pyramid
24 Angle of the Pyramid
25 Form of top of the Pyramid
26 Casing of the Pyramid
27 Pavement of the Pyramid
28 Basalt pavement
29 Rock trenches
30 Trial passages
31 Connection of inside and outside
32 Original position of entrance
33 Mouths of air-channels
34 Blocks above entrance
C HAP VII.-I NSIDE OF G REAT P YRAMID .
35 Entrance passage, length
36 Entrance passage, azimuth and angle
37 Subterranean chamber, c.
38 Ascending passage, length
39 Ascending passage, azimuth and angle
40 Passage to Queen s Chamber
41 Queen s Chamber, plan
42 Queen s Chamber, height
43 Queen s Chamber, niche
44 Queen s Chamber, channels
45 Gallery, length and angles
46 Gallery, roof and walls
47 Antechamber and passages
48 Antechamber dimensions
49 Antechamber details of walls
50 Antechamber granite leaf
51 King s Chamber, wall
52 King s Chamber, plan
53 King s Chamber, roof
54 King s Chamber, floor
55 King s Chamber, working
56 King s Chamber, channels
57 Coffer, character
58 Coffer, position
59 Coffer, offsets to surfaces
60 Coffer, calipering
61 Coffer, volumes
62 Chambers of construction
63 Chambers of construction details
64 Summary of interior positions
C HAP . VIII.-O UTSIDE OF S ECOND P YRAMID .
65 Relation of rock to casing
66 Length of sides of casing
67 Angle of Pyramid, and height
68 Courses of the Pyramid
69 Pavement
70 Levelled site
71 Peribolus walls
72 Barracks of workmen
C HAP . IX.-I NSIDE OF S ECOND P YRAMID .
73 Entrance passage
74 Horizontal passage
75 Great chamber
76 Coffer, character
77 Coffer, dimensions
78 Lower chamber, and passage
C HAP . X.-O UTSIDE OF T HIRD P YRAMID .
79 Nature of the casing
80 Length of the sides
81 Angle and height of Pyramid
82 Courses
83 Peribolus walls and temple
C HAP . XI.-I NSIDE OF T HIRD P YRAMID .
84 Entrance passage
85 First chamber
86 Second chamber
87 Granite chamber
88 Loculus chamber
89 Original entrance passage
C HAP . XII.-L ESSER P YRAMIDS OF G IZEH .
90 Northern small Pyramid
91 Middle small Pyramid
C HAP . XIII.-P OSITIONS AND O RIENTATION OF THE P YRAMIDS .
92 Relative positions of Pyramids
93 Orientation of large Pyramids
94 Change of earth s axis
C HAP . XIV.-T HE G RANITE T EMPLE , C .
95 Position of Granite Temple
96 Description of Temple
97 Workmanship of Temple
98 Original appearance of Temple
99 Date of Temple
100 Constructions near Great Pyramid
101 Basalt and diorite casings
102 Diorite at Gizeh
C HAP . XV.-T OMBS OF G IZEH .
103 Angles of Mastabas
104 Campbell s tomb
C HAP . XVI.-N OTES ON OTHER P YRAMIDS .
105 Abu Roash, Pyramid of Men......ra
106 Sakkara, Pyramid of Pepi
107 Dahshur, Great Pyramid
108 Dahshur, South Pyramid
109 Dahshur, South Pyramid door
110 Mastaba-Pyramids, Sakkara Medum
C HAP . XVII.-H ISTORICAL N OTES .
111 Climate of early times
112 Men......ra of Abu Roash
113 Khufu and Khnumu-Khufu
114 Ratatef
115 Khafra
116 Menkaura, and the Third Pyramid
117 Brick Pyramids
118 Petukhanu s tablet of Khufu
119 Destruction of buildings
120 Accuracy of Greek historians
C HAP . XVIII.-A RCHITECTURAL I DEAS OF THE P YRAMID B UILDERS .
121 Angles of the Pyramids
122 The Accretion Theory of building
123 Application of it to the large Pyramids
124 Inapplicability of the theory
125 Plugging of the Pyramid passages
126 Doors of the Pyramids
127 Relative workmanship of Pyramids
128 Use of Plaster
C HAP . XIX.-M ECHANICAL M ETHODS OF THE P YRAMID B UILDERS .
129 Nature of tools employed on hard stone
130 Examples of sawing
131 Examples of tubular drilling
132 Examples of turning
133 Rate of working
134 Tools not actually found
135 References on other details
C HAP . XX.-V ALUES OF THE C UBIT AND D IGIT .
136 The cubit in the Great Pyramid
137 The cubit in other buildings
138 Divisions of lists in the tombs
139 Decimal division of cubit
140 Values of the digit
141 Comparison with previous results
C HAP . XXI.-T HEORIES COMPARED WITH F ACTS .
142 The comparisons based on the facts
143 The Great Pyramid base
144 The Great Pyramid height
145 The Great Pyramid angle
146 The Great Pyramid courses
147 Rock trenches by Great Pyramid
148 Positions of the chambers
149 Lengths of the passages
150 Dimensions of the passages
151 Angles of the passages
152 Subterranean Chamber
153 Queen s Chamber
154 Antechamber
155 King s Chamber
156 Coffer
157 Synopsis of Great Pyramid theories
158 The Tombic theory
159 Second Pyramid, outside
160 Second Pyramid, inside
161 Second Pyramid, coffer
162 Third Pyramid
163 Comparison of previous surveys
C HAP . XXII.-H ISTORY OF THE G REAT P YRAMID, AND ITS D ESIGN .
164 Nature of the site
165 Source of the stone
166 Organization of the labour
167 Preparation of the site
168 Planning of the courses
169 Raising the stones
170 Tools and chips
171 Deterioration of the work
172 Plans altered
173 Closing of the Pyramid
174 A second coffer
175 Violation of the Pyramid
176 Inscriptions on the Pyramid
177 Destruction of the Pyramid
178 Summary of probable theories
A PPEN