Global Environmentalism and Local Politics

Maria Guadalupe Moog Rodrigues

Description

What is the role played by local organizations in transnational environmental advocacy networks? Global Environmentalism and Local Politics revisits this question by looking at transnational environmental activism in Brazil, Ecuador, and India. Rodrigues investigates the internal politics of these networks, focusing on their internal balance of power, choice of strategies, and distribution of resources among members at the international, national, and local levels. Contrary to existing assumptions, local organizations, rather than international or national non-governmental organizations, are the key players in these networks, while at the same time mere participation in transnational advocacy efforts does not necessarily lead to the empowerment of local organizations. Participation may, for example, impose unanticipated political and technical burdens, and despite their overarching common goal of environmental preservation, network members may have different understandings of what environmentally sustainable development is and how it can be best achieved.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Preface

Acknowledgments

1. Introduction

Transnational Advocacy Networks, Civil Society, and the Environment: Defining Concepts
Key Questions
Research Method and Organization of the Book

2. The Dilemma of Amazonian Development and Its Impact on Rondonia

Amazonian Development and Military Rule (1964–1984)
Environmental and Development Policies for Amazonia in Democratic Brazil

3. Urgent Action! Transnational Mobilization against Disaster in Rondonia

The Beginning
The Rondonia Network Gains Momentum
Transnational Activism and Domestic Constraints—The Rondônia Network within Brazil
Taking Stock of the Rondônia Network in the 1980s

4. "Localizing" Transnational Activism—Success and Failure

The Issue of Transparency: Environmentally Sustainable Development to Whom? By Whom?
Building Capacity for Participation: Searching for the Right Recipe in Rondonia
The Rondonia Network’s Legitimacy Crisis of 1994
Taking Stock of the Rondônia Network in the Early 1990s

5. Listening to The Grassroots—The Rondônia Network and Local Politics

The Rondonia Network Takes Planafloro to the Inspection Panel
Evaluating and Restructuring Planafloro: A New Meaning for Environmentally Sustainable Development?
Taking Stock of the Rondônia Network at the Turn of the Millennium

6. Environmental Activism beyond Brazil I—The Struggle against Oil Exploitation in Ecuador

Fighting Oil Exploitation in Ecuador’s Oriente: Background and Network Origins
The Anti-Oil Network and the Campaigns against Texaco and ARCO
Taking Stock of Ecuador’s Anti-Oil Network

7. Environmental Activism beyond Brazil II—The Struggle against Large Dams in India

The Struggle against the Sardar Sarovar Dam—Background and Network Origins
The Narmada Network Strategies and Their Local Impacts
Taking Stock of the Narmada Network

8. Conclusions

Local Empowerment and Local Results
Lessons and Recommendations
Final Thoughts

Notes

References

Index

Sujets

• Political economy

Informations

• Publié par: State University of New York Press
• Date de parution: 01 février 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780791486177
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

G LOBAL E NVIRONMENTALISM AND L OCAL P OLITICS

Transnational Advocacy Networks in Brazil, Ecuador, and India

M ARIA G UADALUPE M OOG R ODRIGUES

Global Environmentalism and Local Politics

SUNY series in Global Environmental Policy

Uday Desai, editor

Global Environmentalism and Local Politics

Transnational Advocacy Networks in Brazil, Ecuador, and India

Maria Guadalupe Moog Rodrigues

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS

Published by State University P o u f bl N is e h w ed Y b o y rk Press, Albany State University of New York Press, Albany © 2004 State University of New York © 2004 State University of New York All rights reserved All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever witho N u o t p w a ri r tte of n t p h e i r s m b i o s o si k on m . ay No be pa u r s t ed of o t r h r i e s p b r oo d k uc m ed ay in be an st y or m e a d n in er ar w e h tr a i t e s v o a e l v s e y r stem with or ou tr t a w ns ri m tt i e tt n ed pe i r n m a i n ss y io fo n r . m N or p b ar y t a o n f y th m i e s a b n o s o i k nc m lu a d y in be ge s l t e o c r t e r d o i n n ic, a e r l e e t c r t i r e o v s a t l a s t y ic s , tem or tran m s a m g it n t et d ic i t n ap a e n , y m fo e r c m ha o n r ic b a y l, a p n h y ot m o e c a o n p s ying c , lu re d c in or g d e i l n e g c , tr o o r n o i t c, her le w c i t s r e ostatic, magn w e it i h c o t u a t p t e, he m p e r c i h o a r n p i e c r al m , i p ss h io t n oc i o n p w yi r n it g i , n r g ec o o f r t d h i e ng p , u o b r li o s t h h e e r. rwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, address State University of New York Press, For info 9 r 0 ma St i a o t n e , S a t d re d e re t, ss Su S i t t a e te 70 U 0, ni A ve l r b s a it ny, of NY Ne 1 w 22 Y 0 o 7 rk Press, 90 State Street, Suite 700, Albany, NY 12207 Production by Kelli Williams Mar P k r e o ti d n u g ct b i y on M b i y ch K ae l l i C W am ill p ia oc m h s iaro Marketing by Michael Campochiaro Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data igues, Maria Guadalupe Moog. Global environmentalism and local politics : transnational advocacy networks in Brazil, Ecuador, and India / Maria Guadalupe Moog Rodrigues. p. cm. — (SUNY series in global environmental policy) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0791458776 (hc : alk. paper) — ISBN 0791458784 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Sustainable development—Developing countries—Citizen participation—Case studies. CIP INFO OMING Green movement—Developing countries—Case studies. 3. Nongovernmental organizations—Developing countries—Case studies. 4. Globalization—Case studies. I. itle. II. Series.

HC59.72.E5R63 2004 333.72'098—dc22

10987654321

2003061096

C O N T E N T S

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Preface

Acknowledgments

1. Introduction Transnational Advocacy Networks, Civil Society, and the Environment: Defining Concepts Key Questions Research Method and Organization of the Book

2. The Dilemma of Amazonian Development and Its Impact on Rondônia Amazonian Development and Military Rule (1964–1984) Environmental and Development Policies for Amazonia in Democratic Brazil

3. Urgent Action! Transnational Mobilization against Disaster in Rondônia The Beginning The Rondônia Network Gains Momentum Transnational Activism and Domestic Constraints— The Rondônia Network within Brazil Taking Stock of the Rondônia Network in the 1980s

4. “Localizing” Transnational Activism—Success and Failure The Issue of Transparency: Environmentally Sustainable Development to Whom? By Whom? Building Capacity for Participation: Searching for the Right Recipe in Rondônia

v

vii

xi

xiii

1

5 12 15

19 21

26

33 33 36

40 43

49

5

5

1

5

vi

Contents

The Rondônia Network’s Legitimacy Crisis of 1994 Taking Stock of the Rondônia Network in the Early 1990s

5. Listening to The Grassroots— The Rondônia Network and Local Politics The Rondônia Network Takes Planafloro to the Inspection Panel Evaluating and Restructuring Planafloro: A New Meaning for Environmentally Sustainable Development? Taking Stock of the Rondônia Network at the Turn of the Millennium

6. Environmental Activism beyond Brazil I— The Struggle against Oil Exploitation in Ecuador Fighting Oil Exploitation in Ecuador’sOriente:Background and Network Origins The Anti-Oil Network and the Campaigns against Texaco and ARCO Taking Stock of Ecuador’s Anti-Oil Network

7. Environmental Activism beyond Brazil II— The Struggle against Large Dams in India The Struggle against the Sardar Sarovar Dam—Background and Network Origins The Narmada Network Strategies and Their Local Impacts Taking Stock of the Narmada Network

8. Conclusions Local Empowerment and Local Results Lessons and Recommendations Final Thoughts

Notes

References

Index

6 6

0 4

67 68

7

8

7

7

9

9

3

4

102 110

115

116 121 128

135 136 145 148

151

181

191

ASODIRA ASP CD CESR CIEL CIMI

CNS

COICA

CONAIE

CONFENIAE

CORDAVI

CPT

CUT CUNPIR

DNPM

A B B R E V I A T I O N S A N D A C R O N Y M S

Association for Indigenous Development Amerindian Special Project Conselho Deliberativo (Deliberative Council) Center for Economic and Social Rights Center for International Environmental Law Conselho Indígena Missionário (Indigenous Peoples’ Missionary Council) Conselho Nacional dos Seringueiros (National Council of Rubber Tappers) Coordinating Body of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin National Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador Confederation of Indian Nations of Ecuadorian Amazon Corporación de la Defensa de la Vida (Corporation for the Defense of Life) Comissão Pastoral da Terra (Pastoral Commission on Land) Central Única dos Trabalhadores (Central Labor Union) Coordenação da União das Nações e Póvos Indígenas de Rondônia (Coordination of the Union of Indigenous Peoples and Nations of Rondônia) Departamento Nacional de Prospecção Mineral (National Department of Mineral Research)

vii

viii

ECOPORE

EDF

EIA FCUNAE

FETAGRO

FIERO

FIPE

FIPSE

FoE FUNAI

IAMA

IBAMA

IBDF

IDA IEA

IGO IRN INCRA

INDIA

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Ação Ecológica Vale do Guaporé (Ecological Action for the Guaporé Valley) Environmental Defense Fund, since 2000 Environmental Defense Environmental Impact Assessments Quichua Federation of Indigenous Nations of Ecuador Federação dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas de Rondônia (Federation of Agricultural Workers of Rondônia) Federação das Indústrias do Estado de Rondônia (Federation of Rondonian Industries) Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (Institute of Economic Research Foundation) Independent Federation of the Shuar People of Ecuador Friends of the Earth Fundação Nacional do Indio (Brazilian Indian Agency) Instituto de Antropologia e Meio Ambiente (Institute of Anthropology and the Environment) Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis (Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal (Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development) International Development Association Instituto de Estudos Amazônicos e Ambientais (Institute for Amazonian and Environmental Studies) International Governmental Organization International Rivers Network Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform) Instituto de Pesquisa em Defesa da Identidade Amazônica (Institute for Research in Defense of Amazonia’s Identity)

IPHAE

MDB MST

NBA NGO NOVIB

NRDC NWF OINCE

OISE

ONISE

OPIP OSR

PACA

PAIC

PIN

PLANAFLORO

PNMA

POLONOROESTE

RAN

Abbreviations and Acronyms

i

x

Instituto de PréHistória, Antropologia e Ecologia (Institute for PreHistory, Anthropology, and Ecology) Multilateral Development Bank Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (Landless Peoples’ Movement) Narmada Bachao Andolan NonGovernmental Organization Dutch Organization for International Development Cooperation Natural Resources Defense Council National Wildlife Federation Organization of the Cofan Indigenous People of Ecuador Organization of the Secoya Indigenous People of Ecuador Organization of the Siona Indigenous People of Ecuador Organization of Indigenous Peoples of Pastaza Organização dos Seringueiros de Rondônia (Organization of Rondonian Rubber Tappers) Proteção Ambiental Cacoalense (Environmental Protection of the Cacoal Region) Programa de Apoio a Iniciativas Comunitárias (Program for the Support of Community Initiatives) Programa de Integração Nacional (National Integration Program) Plano Agropecuário e Florestal de Rondônia (Rondônia Agrolivestock and Forestry Plan). The project’s official name at The World Bank is the Rondônia Natural Resources Management Project. Programa Nacional de Meio Ambiente (National Program for the Environment) Programa de Desenvolvimento Integrado do Noroeste do Brazil (Northwest Brazil Integrated Development Program) Rainforest Action Network