Mine Action After Diana

Richard Lloyd, Stuart Maslen

Description

In 1997, many countries came together to pledge $500 million over five years to 'mine action' programmes to tackle the destruction caused by landmines.



Is the world a safer place as a result of the ban? Has international mine action been a success? What lessons have been learnt along the way? What are the challenges for the future? In short, what is the true extent of Princess Diana's legacy?



Stuart Maslen assesses the effectiveness of mine awareness, mine clearance operations, victim assistance, international law and stockpile destruction. He outlines the global threat that mines present and the evolution of the mine action programme worldwide.
Foreword

Introduction

1. The Global Threat

2. Mine Action Myths And Realities

3. The Evolution Of Mine Action: From Afghanistan To International Standards

4. The Evolution Of Mine Action

5. ‘Doing The Job Right’: The Basics Of Mine Action

6. The Art Of Managing Chaos: Mine Action Programming

7. Mine Action And Development: Doing The Right Job

8. A ‘Who’s Who’ Of Mine Action

9. The Results Of The Audit

Endnotes

Select Bibliography

Profiles Of Contributors

Index

Sujets

• Droit et juridique
• Law
• International

Informations

• Publié par: Pluto Press
• Date de parution: 20 mai 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781849642378
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 6 Mo

Extrait

Mine Action After Diana
Progress in the Struggle Against Landmines
Stuart Maslen
in association with
Pluto P Press
LONDON • ANN ARBOR, MI
Maslen 00 prelims 3 8/4/04 6:24:46 pmFirst published 2004 by Pluto Press
345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA
and 839 Greene Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106
www.plutobooks.com
Copyright © Landmine Action and Stuart Maslen
Chapter 6 is copyright © Landmine Action and Ted Paterson, 2004
The right of Stuart Maslen and Ted Paterson to be identified as the authors
of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 7453 2257 3 hardback0 7453 2256 5 paperback
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data applied for
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Designed and produced for Pluto Press by
Chase Publishing Services, Fortescue, Sidmouth, EX10 9QG, England
Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England
Printed and bound in the European Union by
Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne, England
Maslen 00 prelims 4 8/4/04 6:24:46 pmEven if the world decided tomorrow to ban these weapons, this
terrible legacy of mines already in the earth would continue to
plague the poor nations of the earth. ‘The evil that men do lives
after them …’
Diana, Princess of Wales, 12 June 1997
Maslen 00 prelims 5 8/4/04 6:24:46 pmContents
The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund xi
Abbreviations and Acronyms xii
Contributors xv
Foreword by Andrew Purkis and Richard Lloyd xvii
Introduction 1
1 The Global Threat 10
2 Mine Action Myths and Realities 24
3 The Evolution of Mine Action: from Afghanistan to
International Standards 37
4 ‘Doing the Job Right’: the Basics of Mine Action 45
5 The Art of Managing Chaos: Mine Action Programming 82
6 Mine Action and Development: Doing the Right Job 99
7 A ‘Who’s Who’ of Mine Action 132
8 The Results of the Audit 161
Notes 176
Select Bibliography 182
Index 194
vii
Maslen 00 prelims 7 8/4/04 6:24:46 pmIllustrations
PHOTOGRAPHS
1 Unexploded US cluster submunition, Kosovo 15
2 Children at play in refugee camp, Eritrea 28
3 Mine clearance, Cambodia 38
4 Landmines destroyed in situ 47
5 Mine survivor in physiotherapy, Mozambique 83
6 Landmine survivor, Cambodia 88
7 Cambodian Campaign to Ban Landmines 145
8 vivor162
FIGURES
1 Basic development 105
2 The international development system 108
3 Mine action during humanitarian emergencies 109
4 Logic, value and results chains 109
5 Some specific developmental impacts of mine action 111
6 Direct economic contributions of mine action 113
7 Potential benefits measured in monetary terms 114
8 Estimated benefits from all case studies for Afghanistan 116
9 Enhancing the sense of security 122
10 Contributing to political development 123
TABLES
1 Mine action spending, foreign aid and GDP
(in US$ millions) 112
2 Estimates of saved medical costs (in US$) 120
3 Rough estimates of landmine deaths and injuries
per square kilometre of hazardous land 121
4 UNOPS Mine Action Programme, northern Iraq 156
TEXT BOXES
The killing fields of Angola 5
A rethink on cluster bombs after Iraq? 20
viii
Maslen 00 prelims 8 8/4/04 6:24:46 pmIllustrations ix
Mine action in Angola 26
Not just an African problem: the case of Colombia 31
Mine action in Thailand: a summary 34
Mine action in Afghanistan: a summary 39
Mine action in Cambodia: a summary 48
‘UXO’ action in Laos: a summary 54
Mine action in Vietnam: a summary 57
The context for mine risk education in Cambodia 59
Laos and the Ottawa Treaty 66
Casualty reduction in Cambodia 77
Mine action in Iraq: a summary 80
Threat assessment: the case of Kosovo 84
The Samaritan’s Dilemma 102
The evidence on mine action saving lives and limbs 110
Cost-benefit studies of landmine clearance: land and
structures 115
Cost-benefit studies of landmine clearance: lives and limbs 118
Costs of treating victims of landmine accidents 119
Maslen 00 prelims 9 8/4/04 6:24:46 pmThe Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund
The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund was set up in September
1997, just days after the Princess’s tragic death. It seeks to create a
living memorial to the Princess, by giving recognition and support
to people living on the margins of society and helping them change
their lives.
Since it began, the Memorial Fund has pledged over £50 million
to over 300 organisations, giving grants to charities in the UK and
overseas, and using its profile to speak out on its chosen causes.
Tackling the effects of landmines in communities recovering
from conflict through support to practical projects has been a key
theme in the Fund’s international grant-giving. More recently the
Fund has extended its agenda to include cluster bombs and other
explosive remnants of war, which, like landmines, cause equally
lethal and indiscriminate destruction. Through its Clear Up campaign
with Landmine Action, the Fund has been actively campaigning
against the use of cluster munitions and urging governments to take
responsibility for dealing with the lethal litter of these weapons and
other explosive remnants of war.
xi
Maslen 00 prelims 11 8/4/04 6:24:47 pmAbbreviations and Acronyms
ADP Accelerated Demining Programme (Mozambique)
AICMA Comprehensive Action against Antipersonnel Mines
BAC battle area clearance
CMAA Cambodian Mine Action and Victim Assistance
Authority
CMAC Cambodian Mine Action Centre
CMAO Central Mine Action Office (Angola)
CPA Coalition Provisional Authority
CPI Clear Path International
CRS Catholic Relief Service
DFID Department for International Development
DMZ Demilitarized Zone
DPKO Department for Peacekeeping Operations (UN)
DU depleted uranium
EDD explosives detection dogs
EOD explosive ordnance disposal
ERW explosive remnants of war
EU European Union
GDP gross domestic product
GICHD Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian
Demining
GIS Geographic Information System
GPR ground-penetrating radar
HALO Trust Hazardous Area Life-Support Organization
HDI Human Development Index
HI Handicap International
HRW Human Rights Watch
ICBL International Campaign to Ban Landmines
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
IMAS International Mine Action Standards
IMSMA Information Management System for Mine Action
IND National Institute for Demining (Mozambique)
ISO International Organization for Standardisation
KFOR Kosovo Protection Force
KPC Kosovo Protection Corps
LIS Landmine Impact Survey
xii
Maslen 00 prelims 12 8/4/04 6:24:47 pmAbbreviations and Acronyms xiii
LSN Landmine Survivors Network
LUPU Land Use Planning Unit
MA Mine Action
MAC Mine Action Centre
MACA Mine Action Centre for Afghanistan
MACC Mine Action Coordination Centre
MAG Mines Advisory Group
MAIC Mine Action Information Center
MAP Mine Action Programme
MAPU Mine Action Planning Unit
MDD mine detection dog
MRE mine risk education
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO non-governmental organisation
NMAA National Mine Action Authority
NPA Norwegian People’s Aid
OAS Organization of American States
OBOD open burning and open detonation
ODA official development assistance
POW prisoner of war
PPE personal protective equipment
PRIO International Peace Research Institute, Oslo
QA quality assurance
QC quality control
R&D research and development
RCAF Royal Cambodian Armed Forces
SIDA Swedish International Development Agency
SOP standing operating procedure
SWEDEC Swedish Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Demining
Center
TA technical adviser
TMAC Thailand Mine Action Centre
UN United Nations
UNDP UN Development Programme
UNEP UN Environment Programme
UNICEF UN Children’s Fund
UNMACC UN Mine Action Coordination Centre
UNMAS UN Mine Action Service
UNOCHA UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs
UNOPS UN Office for Project Services
Maslen 00 prelims 13 8/4/04 6:24:47 pmxiv Mine Action After Diana
UXO unexploded ordnance
VTF Voluntary Trust Fund
VVAF Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation
WCMD wind corrected munitions dispensers
Maslen 00 prelims 14 8/4/04 6:24:47 pmContributors
Nick Cumming-Bruce reported from Iran for the Guardian before
moving to Bangkok to become its South-east Asia correspondent. In
2001, he became Bangkok bureau chief of the Asian Wall Street Journal,
also providing coverage of Vietnam. He now works as a freelance
journalist, still based in Bangkok.
Stuart Maslen is a researcher and writer with ten years’ experience
in mine action. He holds a PhD in international humanitarian law,
which looked at the legality of anti-personnel mines, from the
University of Tilburg in the Netherlands and has written a legal
commentary on the Ottawa Treaty, published by Oxford University
Press in the spring of 2004. He lives in France, close to the border
with Switzerland.
Ted Paterson is a Canadian consultant in international development,
with training in economics and management. He has more than
twenty years’ experience in development, split evenly between Canada
and developing countries, and has worked in NGOs, government,
business, and policy research institutes. In 2000, Ted wrote up the
first thorough economic analysis of mine and unexploded ordnance
clearance operations. It was his first job, however, (as a zookeeper)
that provided the most relevant experience for mine action: be careful
where you step. Ted now lives near Ottawa.
xv
Maslen 00 prelims 15 8/4/04 6:24:47 pmForeword
Much has happened since Diana, Princess of Wales, in the last years of her
life, transformed global awareness of the horrific effects of landmines.
The anti-landmine campaign is perhaps best known for its focus on
the effort to eliminate anti-personnel mines. Three-quarters of the world’s
countries have already joined the treaty that bans these weapons, and
tens of millions of stockpiled mines have been destroyed as a result. Most
recently international attention has turned to cre