Automated Fare Collection System & Urban Public Transportation

Clifford N. Opurum

Description

Automation in transit fare collection is a fairly new idea in urban transit systems but urbanites are quickly adopting and embracing this special piece of new technology. Automated fare collection system is preferred over the traditional mechanical system of fare collection and will make positive impact on both transit ridership and revenue, if efficiently operated. In terms of mass transit, society will be better off financially with automated fare collection system. This book is a must read for urbanites.
With its unique features (presented in nine chapters grouped into five major parts), Automated Fare Collection System And Urban Public Transit: An Economic & Management Approach To Urban Transit Systems provides a wealth of resourceful information to everyone with interest in mass transit:
Part I: Public Transportation, Urban Economy And Automation in Fare Collection
Part II: Models of Transportation Pricing
Part III: Transportation Research Methods And Models
Part IV: Approaches And Trends in Urban Transit Ridership
Part V: Epilogue
In these parts of the book, Clifford N. Opurum reveals the impact of the automated fare collection system on mass transit and particularly, on the New York City rail rapid transit system. Various effective urban public transportation pricing techniques are presented. Transportation research methods and models including the alogit model and different approaches to transportation research analysis are featured. Alternative scenarios of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) are used extensively along with other feasibility studies strategies to determine the economic and social benefits of the automated fare collection system. The author concludes that as in the case of other industrial sectors, the financial health of the transit industry is very much dependent upon the level of transit patronage, and that automation in fare collection has further encouraged the later. Furthermore, he added that automated fare collection (AFC) is preferred over the mechanical system of fare collection and will make positive impact on both transit ridership and revenue, if efficiently operated. Finally, he stressed that society would be better off financially if the benefits of automation in transit fare collection are fully utilized, and that automation in fare collection has indeed influenced the travel pattern of most mass transit patrons.

Sujets

• Careers
• Employabilité, métiers et formations
• Public transport
• Economics
• Business
• Impact
• Carrière
• Carrière & Mobilité

Informations

• Publié par: Trafford Publishing
• Date de parution: 06 mars 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781466913929
• Langue: English

Extrait

AUTOMATED FARE COLLECTION SYSTEM & URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
An Economic & Management Approach To Urban Transit Systems
Clifford N. Opurum

 
 
© Copyright 2012 Clifford N. Opurum . All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written prior permission of the author.
 
ISBN: 978-1-4669-1391-2 (sc) ISBN: 978-1-4669-1390-5 (hc) ISBN: 978-1-4669-1392-9 (e)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012903178
Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.
Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Getty Images are models, and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only. Certain stock imagery © Getty Images.
Trafford rev. 06/29/2023
www.trafford.com North America & international toll-free: 844-688-6899 (USA & Canada) fax: [phone]
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
Preface
About the Author
PART ONE:
Public Transportation, Urban Economy and Automation in Fare Collection
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
General Overview of Public Transportation and Urban Economy
Historical Background
Demographic And Economic Trends of The New York Metropolitan Region
New York City Rail Rapid Transit System: Capacity, Management And Organization
New York City Subway Fare: Structure And Collection Method
Key Transit Performance Measures
Chronology of Key Events On The New York City Automated Fare Collection Scheme
Organization of The Book
Chapter 2
AUTOMATION AND TRANSIT FARE
Introduction
Automation And Transit Fare Collection
Reasons Behind Automation In Fare Collection
Other Developments on Fare Cards
Advantages And Disadvantages of Automated Fare Collection
Prior Studies On The New York City Subway
PART TWO:
Models of Transportation Pricing
Chapter 3
PRINCIPLES OF PRICING AND RELATED MODELS
Introduction
Principles of Public Transportation Pricing
Basic Pricing Principles
Second-Best Pricing Rules
Peak Load Pricing
Other Alternative Pricing Practices
Transit Travel Demand Models
General Transit Travel Demand Function
Fare Elasticities And Elasticity-Based Transit Travel Demand Models
Aggregate Methods
Disaggregate Methods
Choice Theories
Revealed Preference Data Model
Stated Preference Data Model
Summary
PART THREE:
Transportation Research Methods and Models
Chapter 4
RESEARCH METHODS
Introduction
Limitations and Key Assumptions in Research
Theoretical Framework And Research Methodology
Problem Statement And Research Questions
Research Data
The Research Process
Research Survey And Data Collection Process
Population And Sample Size
Research Models and Hypothesis Testing
Aggregate Model
Disaggregate Model
Research Hypothesis
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Overview And Definition
The Four Sequential Steps in Cost-Benefit Analysis
Evaluation Criteria, Formula And Cost-Benefit Elements
Summary
Chapter 5
RESEARCH SURVEY
Introduction
Conducting Pilot Survey
How And When To Conduct Main Research Survey
Profile of Survey Respondents Including Their Socioeconomic Characteristics
Main Research Survey: Analysis of Findings
Ridership Frequency, Origin And Destination
Transit Users’ Preference of Fare Payment Alternative
System Performance
Research Survey Results Compared To Other Survey Results
Summary
PART FOUR:
Approaches and Trends in Urban Transit Ridership
Chapter 6
AGGREGATE APPROACH TO TRANSIT USAGE
Introduction
Aggregated New York City Transit Ridership Trends
Overall Transit Ridership Trend
Subway (Metro) Ridership Trend
Bus Transit Ridership Trend
Pre- Vs. Post-MetroCard Growth Rates
Empirical Results of The Aggregate Model
Combined Bus And Subway Constant Elasticity Model Results
Subway (Train)-Based Constant Elasticity Model Results
Bus System-Based Constant Elasticity Model Results
Variable or Proportional Elasticity Models
Model Results Summary
Model Estimates And Ridership Predictions
Test of Research Hypothesis
Transit Demand Forecasting
New York City Transit Ridership Forecasts: 2001, 2002 And 2003
Summary
Chapter 7
DISAGGREGATE APPROACH TO TRANSIT USAGE
Introduction
The Disaggregate Data
Model Development
Model Calibration And Results
Base Model And Segmented Models
Preferred (Merged) Model And Results
Summary
Chapter 8
INVESTMENT APPRAISAL
Introduction
Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA) Estimates of Costs And Benefits
Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Costs Estimates
Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Benefits Estimates
Estimates of Costs And Benefits
Cost Estimates
Estimates of Benefits
Assumptions Behind The Alternative Scenarios
Analysis Results
Basic Appraisal (Base Model)
Sensitivity Tests
Alternative Appraisal I
Alternative Appraisal II
Alternative Appraisal III
Alternative Appraisal IV
Unquantified Effects
Comparisons And Conclusions
PART FIVE:
Epilogue
Chapter 9
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction
A Reflection On The Objectives And Findings
Conclusions
Summary of What We Have Learned
Research Findings By Segments
Aggregate Findings
Disaggregate Findings
Investment Appraisal Findings
Applications And Implications Of The Research Findings
Comments And Recommendations
Future Research Considerations
 
Appendices
Plates and Exhibits
Glossary
References

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dedicated to my beloved wife and children.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I am very grateful to the Almighty God, for His divine wisdom, knowledge, and understanding, and for the strength, courage and perseverance that brought me this far in my pursuit for and contribution towards knowledge.
My special thanks and gratitude to my beloved parents (may their souls rest in peace), and to my dear wife and children for unconditionally supporting my efforts, and for enduring my inadequate bonding with them for some years due to this effort. My gratitude also goes to my dear siblings for their strong moral support.
Indeed, I am very much indebted to my research supervisors at the Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Professor Emeritus Christopher A. Nash and Dr. Jeremy P. Toner without whom the production of this book would not have been accomplished. They were very much inspirational to my completing the research work from which this book was produced. I will always remember them in every step I take along my career path. I also thank my dear friend and associate, Dr. Jimoh E. Ikhide for his helpful suggestions and moral support in my research efforts.
My gratitude also goes to the staff of the Freedom of Information Law Office of the New York City Transit Authority who provided most of the empirical data on the New York City Subway and Buses, and the MetroCard. Without those data, my research efforts would have been frustrated. I am equally grateful to each and every New Yorker (over a thousand individuals) who participated in my research surveys conducted in 2001 and 2002, and to the staff of the New York City Straphangers Campaign for the useful information they provided to support this effort.
Finally, I must thank my former colleagues, friends and the staff at the Institute for Transport Studies (ITS), University of Leeds for their moral support and encouragement that helped in bringing my research work to fruition. Particularly, I am thankful to Dr. Paul Firmin for the useful materials he provided on the SPSS data analysis program, as well as Dr. Gerard Whelan and John Nellthorp, Senior Research Fellows (as of that time), for their helpful discussions on the ALOGIT version 4.0 program (used to develop the research models) and on cost-benefit analysis, respectively.
 
PREFACE
This book is the product of several years of doctoral research work at the Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, England. The production of this first edition of Automated Fare Collection System & Public Transportation: An Economic & Management Approach to Urban Transit Systems was motivated by the desire to provide an insight into the operations of mass transit, and to present very relevant ideas required to make rational economic decisions in urban public transportation pricing and fare collection methods. These ideas, if cautiously and effectively implemented, will serve as a means to stimulating ridership, decongesting urban roadways and ultimately reducing air pollution.
The fiscal crisis of the 1970’s (the aftermath of a 1966 12-day strike by the City workers) resulted in nearly a decade of neglect of the New York City transit infrastructure. Particularly, the production of this edition was prompted by the uncomfortable experiences and observations noted on the adverse effects of the early 1990’s economic recession in the United States on transit ridership in New York City and in many other urban centers in the nation. These adverse conditions, which eventually led to the introduction of the Automated Fare Co