Near Field Communication (NFC): High-impact Strategies - What You Need to Know: Definitions, Adoptions, Impact, Benefits, Maturity, Vendors

Kevin Roebuck

Description

Near field communication, or NFC, allows for simplified transactions, data exchange, and connections with a touch. Formed in 2004, the Near Field Communication Forum (NFC Forum) promotes sharing, pairing, and transactions between NFC devices and develops and certifies device compliance with NFC standards. A smartphone or tablet with an NFC chip could make a credit card payment or serve as keycard or ID card. NFC devices can read NFC tags on a museum or retail display to get more information or an audio or video presentation. NFC can share a contact, photo, song, application, or video or pair Bluetooth devices. The 140 NFC Forum members include LG, Nokia, HTC, Motorola, NEC, RIM, Samsung, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba, AT&T, Sprint, Rogers, SK, Google, Microsoft, PayPal, Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Intel, TI, Qualcomm, and NXP.

This book is your ultimate resource for Near Field Communication (NFC). Here you will find the most up-to-date information, analysis, background and everything you need to know.

In easy to read chapters, with extensive references and links to get you to know all there is to know about Near Field Communication (NFC) right away, covering: Near field communication, Bandplan, 27 MHz CB27/81 Bandplan, Airband, AM expanded band, Broadcast band, Business band, CB radio in the United Kingdom, CB usage in the United States, Citizens' band radio, Family Radio Service, FM broadcast band, Frequency assignment authority, Frequency sharing, General Mobile Radio Service, Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975, GSM frequency bands, List of amateur radio frequency bands in India, ISM band, Kort Distanse Radio, Longwave, Low-power communication device, Medical Implant Communication Service, Medium wave, North American broadcast television frequencies, North American cable television frequencies, North American Radio Broadcasting Agreement, PMR446, Radio Resource Control, Shortwave bands, Spectrum auction, TV-band device, U-NII, UHF CB, UMTS frequency bands, United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction, Weather radio, (U)SIM Interface, 1G, 2G, 3G, Amivox, Box breaker, Bulk messaging, Cell breathing (telephony), Cell Phone Freedom Act (Bill C-560), Cellphone overage charges, Cellular digital packet data, Cellular network, Common External Power Supply, Comparison of mobile phone standards, Concatenated SMS, Convergent charging, Coverage (telecommunication), Dynamic Discount, Electromagnetic hypersensitivity, Electromagnetic radiation and health, Fortumo, GAIT (wireless), Global network, GpsOne, History of mobile phones, HNBAP, Home Node B, Image translation, In-Building Cellular Enhancement System, Kineto Wireless, List of Evolution-Data Optimized network equipment suppliers, List of Evolution-Data Optimized service providers, List of United States wireless communications service providers, LLA Marker, Location-based advertising, Magic W3, Matt Gillin, Microconnect distributed antenna, Mobile CDN, Mobile communications in South Korea, Mobile data management strategy, Mobile dating, Mobile Display Digital Interface, Mobile entertainment, Mobile gambling, Mobile Imaging and Printing Consortium, Mobile Internet growth, Mobile local search, Mobile Marketing Association, Mobile music, Mobile news, Mobile payment, Mobile phone, Mobile phone content advertising, Mobile phone jammer, Mobile phone radiation and health, Mobile phones and driving safety, Mobile phones on aircraft, Mobile reporting, Mobile RFID, Mobile tagging, Mobile telephone numbering in India, Mobile telephony, Mobile translation, Mobile5, Multi mode wireless terminal, Multi-Operator Radio Access Network, Nokia tune, Nomophobia, OBSAI...and much more

This book explains in-depth the real drivers and workings of Near Field Communication (NFC). It reduces the risk of your technology, time and resources investment decisions by enabling you to compare your understanding of Near Field Communication (NFC) with the objectivity of experienced professionals.

Sujets

• Computers
• Informatique
• General officer
• General

Informations

• Publié par: Emereo Publishing
• Date de parution: 24 octobre 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781743049563
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 20 Mo

Extrait

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Contents

Near field communication Bandplan 27 MHz CB27/81 Bandplan Airband AM expanded band Broadcast band Business band

CB radio in the United Kingdom CB usage in the United States Citizens' band radio Family Radio Service FM broadcast band Frequency assignment authority Frequency sharing General Mobile Radio Service Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975 GSM frequency bands List of amateur radio frequency bands in India ISM band Kort Distanse Radio

Longwave Low-power communication device Medical Implant Communication Service Medium wave North American broadcast television frequencies North American cable television frequencies North American Radio Broadcasting Agreement PMR446 Radio Resource Control

Shortwave bands Spectrum auction TV-band device U-NII UHF CB UMTS frequency bands United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction

1 17 17 19 22 23 24 26 34 38 50 56 59 60 61 65 66 69 75 77 78 83 84 85 89 95 102 105

109 110 112 118 119 124 129 133

Weather radio

(U)SIM Interface 1G 2G 3G Amivox Box breaker Bulk messaging Cell breathing (telephony) Cell Phone Freedom Act (Bill C-560)

Cellphone overage charges Cellular digital packet data Cellular network Common External Power Supply Comparison of mobile phone standards Concatenated SMS Convergent charging Coverage (telecommunication) Dynamic Discount Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Electromagnetic radiation and health Fortumo GAIT (wireless) Global network GpsOne History of mobile phones HNBAP Home Node B Image translation In-Building Cellular Enhancement System Kineto Wireless List of Evolution-Data Optimized network equipment suppliers List of Evolution-Data Optimized service providers List of United States wireless communications service providers LLA Marker Location-based advertising Magic W3 Matt Gillin

137 139 140 141 143 150 152 153 154 154 155 157 158 164 168 173 175 177 178 179 184 191

193 194 196 197 205 206 207 209 211 212 213 215 220 221 225 227

Microconnect distributed antenna Mobile CDN Mobile communications in South Korea Mobile data management strategy Mobile dating Mobile Display Digital Interface Mobile entertainment Mobile gambling Mobile Imaging and Printing Consortium Mobile Internet growth Mobile local search Mobile Marketing Association Mobile music Mobile news Mobile payment Mobile phone Mobile phone content advertising Mobile phone jammer Mobile phone radiation and health Mobile phones and driving safety Mobile phones on aircraft Mobile reporting Mobile RFID Mobile tagging Mobile telephone numbering in India Mobile telephony Mobile translation Mobile5 Multi mode wireless terminal Multi-Operator Radio Access Network Nokia tune Nomophobia OBSAI Paul Raden Personal Communications Service (NANP) Phone cloning Pocket computer phone Proportionally fair

229 229 230 231 232 233 234 236 237 238 239 242 243 244 245 250 266 268 271 284 294 301 302 302 305 327 338 341 341 342 342 343 344 345 347 347 348 349

Kamal Quadir Radio fingerprinting Mobile radio telephone Radiotelephone RF Planning Ringback Tone Advertising Roaming SIM Satellite phone Self-organizing network SIM lock SMS gateway List of SMS gateways Telecom network protocol analyzer Tethering TextID U-blox COSMOS cohort study W-CDMA (UMTS) WAP billing Wireless electronic devices and health

References Article Sources and Contributors Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Article Licenses License

351 354 354 356 358 360 362 363 368 370 378 380 386 386 387 388 389 391 393 395

398 407

411

Near field communication

Near field communication

Near field communication, orNFC, allows for simplified [1] transactions, data exchange, and connections with a touch. Formed in 2004, the Near Field Communication Forum (NFC Forum) promotes [2] sharing, pairing, and transactions between NFC devices and develops [3] and certifies device compliance with NFC standards. A smartphone or tablet with an NFC chip could make a credit card payment or serve as keycard or ID card. NFC devices can read NFC tags on a museum or retail display to get more information or an audio or video presentation. NFC can share a contact, photo, song, application, or video or pair Bluetooth devices. The 140 NFC Forum members include LG, Nokia, HTC, Motorola, NEC, RIM, Samsung, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba, AT&T, Sprint, Rogers, SK, Google, Microsoft, PayPal, Visa, [4] Mastercard, American Express, Intel, TI, Qualcomm, and NXP.

Uses

Emerging NFC standards allow customers to quickly purchase products and transfer secure information by touching devices. NFC allows companies to reduce staffing, printing, and point of sale costs. Globally, 100 million people use mobile payment outside the U.S., but [5] only 3.5 million use the technology in the U.S.

An NFC mobile phone interacting with a "SmartPoster"

N-Mark Logo for certified devices

Social networking  File Sharing: Tap one NFC device to another to instantly share a contact, photo, song, application, video, or [6] website link.  Electronic business card: Tap one NFC device to another to instantly share electronic business cards or resumes. [7] [8]  Electronic money: To pay a friend, you could tap the devices and enter the amount of the payment. [6] [9]  Mobile gaming: Tap one NFC device to another to enter a multiplayer game.  Friend-to-friend: You could touch NFC devices together to friend each other or share a resume or to "check-in" at [10] a location.

1

Near field communication

Bluetooth and WiFi Connections  Bluetooth: Instant Bluetooth Pairing can save searching, waiting, and entering codes. Touch the NFC devices [11] [6] together for instant pairing.  WiFi: Instant WiFi Configuration configure a device to a WiFi network. Tap an NFC device to an NFC enabled [11] router.

eCommerce  Mobile payment: An NFC device may make a payment like a credit or debit card by touching a payment terminal [7] [6] at checkout or a vending machine. [12] [13]  PayPal: PayPal may start a commercial NFC service in the second half of 2011. [7] [14] [15]  Ticketing: Tap an NFC device to purchase rail, metro, airline, movie, concert, or event tickets. [7]  Boarding pass: A NFC device may act as a boarding pass reducing check-in delays and staffing requirements.  Point of Sale: Tap an SmartPoster tag to see information, listen to an audio clip, watch a video, or see a movie [11] [10] trailer. [11]  Coupons: Tapping an NFC tag on a retail display or SmartPoster may give the user a coupon for the product. [10]

Tour guide: Tap a passive NFC tag for information or an audio or video presentation at a museum, monument, or [6] [10] retail display (much like a QR Code).

Identity documents  ID card: An NFC enabled device can also act as an encrypted student, employee, or personal ID card or medical [11] ID card. [11]  Keycard: A NFC enabled device may serve as car, house, and office keys.  Rental Car and hotel keys: NFC rental car or hotel room keys may allow fast VIP check-in and reduce staffing [6] [16] requirements.

History NFC traces its roots back to Radio-frequency identification, or RFID. RFID allows a reader to send radio waves to a passive electronic tag for identification and tracking. [17]  1983 The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton. [18]  2004 Nokia, Philips And Sony Establish The Near Field Communication (NFC) Forum [19]  2006 Initial Specifications for NFC Tags [20]  2006 Specification For "SmartPoster" Records [21]  2006 Nokia 6131 is the first NFC phone [22]  2009 In January, NFC releases Peer-to-Peer Standards to transfer contact, URL, initiate Bluetooth, etc. [23] [24]  2010 Samsung Nexus S - First Android NFC Phone shown  2011 Google I/O "How to NFC" demonstrates NFC to initiate a game and to share a contact, URL, app, video, [6] etc.

Essential specifications NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a distance of 4acm or less. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz and at rates ranging from 106 kbit/s to 848 kbit/s. NFC always involves an initiator and a target; the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a passive target. This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards that do not require batteries. NFC peer-to-peer communication [2] is of course possible, where both devices are powered. A patent licensing program for NFC is currently under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of Dolby Laboratories. A public,

2

Near field communication

platform-independent NFC library is released under the free GNU Lesser General Public License by the name [25] libnfc. NFC tags contain data and are typically read-only but may be rewriteable. They can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use the specifications provided by the NFC Forum, an industry association charged with promoting the technology and setting key standards. The tags can securely store personal data such as debit and credit card information, loyalty program data, PINs and networking contacts, among other information. The NFC Forum defines four types of tags which provide different communication speeds and capabilities in terms of configurability, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. Tags currently offer between 96 and 512 bytes of memory.  As with proximity card technology, near-field communication uses magnetic induction between two loop antennas located within each other's near field, effectively forming an air-core transformer. It operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz. Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the allowed 14akHz bandwidth range, but the full spectral envelope may be as wide as 1.8aMHz [26] when using ASK modulation.  Theoretical working distance with compact standard antennas: up to 20acm (practical working distance of about 4 centimetres)  Supported data rates: 106, 212, 424 or 848 kbit/s  There are two modes:  Passive communication mode: The initiator device provides a carrier field and the target device answers by modulating the existing field. In this mode, the target device may draw its operating power from the initiator-provided electromagnetic field, thus making the target device a transponder.  Active communication mode: Both initiator and target device communicate by alternately generating their own fields. A device deactivates its RF field while it is waiting for data. In this mode, both devices typically have power supplies.

kbps

424 kbps

Active device

Manchester, 10% ASK

212 kbpsManchester, 10% ASK

passive device

Manchester, 10% ASK

Manchester, 10% ASK

106 kbpsManchester, 10% ASKModified Miller, 100% ASK

NFC employs two different codings to transfer data. If an active device transfers data at 106 kbit/s, a modified Miller coding with 100% modulation is used. In all other cases Manchester coding is used with a modulation ratio of 10%. NFC devices are able to receive and transmit data at the same time. Thus, they can check for potential collisions if the received signal frequency does not match with the transmitted signal’s frequency.

Comparison with Bluetooth

3

Near field communication

RFID compatible

NFC

ISO 18000-3

Standardisation bodyISO/IEC

Network Standard

Network Type

Cryptography

Range

Frequency

Bit rate

Set-up time

Power consumption

ISO 13157 etc.

Point-to-point

not with RFID

< 0.2 m

13.56aMHz

424 kbit/s

< 0.1 s

< 15mA (read)

Bluetooth

active

Bluetooth SIG

IEEE 802.15.1

WPAN

available

~10 m (class 2)

2.4-2.5aGHz

2.1 Mbit/s

< 6 s

varies with class

Bluetooth Low Energy

active

Bluetooth SIG

IEEE 802.15.1

WPAN

available

~1 m (class 3)

2.4-2.5aGHz

~1.0 Mbit/s

< 1 s

< 15 mA (transmit)

NFC and Bluetooth are both short-range communication technologies which are integrated into mobile phones. As described in technical detail below, NFC operates at slower speeds than Bluetooth, but consumes far less power and doesn’t require pairing. NFC sets up faster than standard Bluetooth, but is not much faster than Bluetooth low energy. With NFC, instead of performing manual configurations to identify devices, the connection between two NFC devices is automatically established quickly—in less than a tenth of a second. The maximum data transfer rate of NFC (424 kbit/s) is slower than that of Bluetooth V2.1 (2.1 Mbit/s). With a maximum working distance of less than 20acm, NFC has a shorter range, which reduces the likelihood of unwanted interception. That makes NFC particularly suitable for crowded areas where correlating a signal with its transmitting physical device (and by extension, its user) becomes difficult.

In contrast to Bluetooth, NFC is compatible with existing passive RFID (13.56aMHz ISO/IEC 18000-3) infrastructures. NFC requires comparatively low power, similar to the Bluetooth V4.0 low energy protocol. However, when NFC works with an unpowered device (e.g. on a phone that may be turned off, a contactless smart credit card, a smart poster, etc.), the NFC power consumption is greater than that of Bluetooth V4.0 Low Energy. Illumination of the passive tag needs extra power.

Standardization bodies and industry projects

Standards NFC was approved as an ISO/IEC standard on December 8, 2003 and later as an ECMA standard. NFC is an open platform technology standardized in ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092. These standards specify the modulation schemes, coding, transfer speeds and frame format of the RF interface of NFC devices, as well as initialization schemes and conditions required for data collision-control during initialization for both passive and active NFC modes. Furthermore, they also define the transport protocol, including protocol activation and data-exchange methods. The air interface for NFC is standardized in: ISO/IEC 18092 / ECMA-340 [27] Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol-1(NFCIP-1) ISO/IEC 21481 / ECMA-352 [28] Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol-2(NFCIP-2) NFC incorporates a variety of existing standards including ISO/IEC 14443 both Type A and Type B, and FeliCa. NFC enabled phones work basically, at least, with existing readers. Especially in "card emulation mode" a NFC device should transmit, at a minimum, a unique ID number to an existing reader.

4

Near field communication

[29] In addition, the NFC Forum has defined a common data format called NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF ), which can store and transport various kinds of items, ranging from any MIME-typed object to ultra-short [29] RTD-documents, such as URLs. NDEF is conceptually very similar to MIME. It is a dense binary format of so-called "records", in which each record can hold a different type of object. By convention, the type of the first record defines the context of the entire message.

GSMA The GSM Association (GSMA) is the global trade association representing nearly 800 mobile phone operators and more than 200 product and service companies across 219 countries. Many of its members have led NFC trials around [30] the world and are now preparing services for commercial launch. GSM is involved with several initiatives:  Standard setting - GSMA is developing certification and testing standards to ensure the global interoperability of [30] NFC services.  ThePay-Buy-Mobile initiativeseeks to define a common global approach to using Near Field Communications [31] [32] (NFC) technology to link mobile devices with payment and contactless systems.  On November 17, 2010, after two years of discussions, AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile launched a joint venture intended to develop a single platform on which technology based on the Near Field Communication (NFC) [34] specifications can be used by their customers to make mobile payments. The new venture, known as ISIS , is designed to usher in the broad deployment of NFC technology, allowing NFC-enabled cell phones to function similarly to credit cards for the 200 million customers using cell phone service provided by any of the three carriers throughout the United States.

StoLPaN StoLPaN (‘Store Logistics and Payment with NFC’) is a pan-European consortium supported by the European Commission’s Information Society Technologies program. StoLPaN will examine the as yet untapped potential for together the new kind of local wireless interface, NFC and mobile communication.

NFC Forum The NFC Forum is a non-profit industry association formed on March 18, 2004, by NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to advance the use of NFC short-range wireless interaction in consumer electronics, mobile devices and PCs. The NFC Forum promotes implementation and standardization of NFC technology to ensure interoperability [33] between devices and services. As of March 2011, the NFC Forum had 135 member companies.

Alternative Form Factors To realize the benefits of NFC in cellphones not yet equipped with built in NFC chips a new line of complementary devices were created. MicroSD and UICC SIM cards were developed to incorporate industry standard contactless smartcard chips with ISO14443 interface, with or without built-in antenna. The microSD form factor with built-in antenna has the greatest potential as bridge device to shorten the time to market of contactless payment and couponing applications, while the built in NFC contollers gain enough market share.

5