The Cloud Computing Standards Handbook - Everything you need to know about Cloud Computing Standards

Todd Arias

Description

Cloud computing refers to the provision of computational resources on demand via a computer network. In the traditional model of computing, both data and software are fully contained on the user's computer; in cloud computing, the user's computer may contain almost no software or data (perhaps a minimal operating system and web browser only), serving as little more than a display terminal for processes occurring on a network of computers far away. A common shorthand for a provider's cloud computing service (or even an aggregation of all existing cloud services) is ""The Cloud"".

Most cloud providers expose APIs which are typically well-documented (often under a Creative Commons license) but also unique to their implementation and thus not interoperable.

Some vendors have adopted others' APIs and there are a number of open standards under development, including the OGF's Open Cloud Computing Interface.

The Open Cloud Consortium (OCC) is working to develop consensus on early cloud computing standards and practices.

This book is your ultimate resource for Cloud Computing Standards. Here you will find the most up-to-date information, photos, and much more.

In easy to read chapters, with extensive references and links to get you to know all there is to know about Cloud Computing Standards right away: , Cloud computing, Ajax (programming), Atom (standard), Bistro Framework, Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol, OAuth, Open Cloud Computing Interface, Open Data Center Alliance, OpenDD, OpenID, Representational State Transfer, Web of Things

Contains selected content from the highest rated entries, typeset, printed and shipped, combining the advantages of up-to-date and in-depth knowledge with the convenience of printed books. A portion of the proceeds of each book will be donated to the Wikimedia Foundation to support their mission.

Sujets

• Computers
• Informatique

Informations

• Publié par: Emereo Publishing
• Date de parution: 24 octobre 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781743448632
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Cloud Computing Standards

Topic relevant selected content from the highest rated wiki entries, typeset, printed and shipped.

Combine the advantages of up-to-date and in-depth knowledge with the convenience of printed books.

A portion of the proceeds of each book will be donated to the Wikimedia Foundation to support their mission: to empower and engage people around the world to collect and develop educational content under a free license or in the public domain, and to dis- seminate it effectively and globally.

The content within this book was generated collaboratively by volunteers. Please be ad- vised that nothing found here has necessarily been reviewed by people with the expertise required to provide you with complete, accurate or reliable information. Some informa- tion in this book maybe misleading or simply wrong. The publisher does not guarantee the validity of the information found here. If you need speciîc advice (for example, medical, legal, înancial, or risk management) please seek a professional who is licensed or knowl- edgeable in that area.

Sources, licenses and contributors of the articles and images are listed in the section enti- tled “References”. Parts of the books may be licensed under the GNU Free Documenta- tion License. A copy of this license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documen- tation License”

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Contents

Articles Cloud computing Ajax (programming) Atom (standard) Bistro Framework Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol OAuth Open Cloud Computing Interface Open Data Center Alliance OpenDD OpenID Representational State Transfer Web of Things

References Article Sources and Contributors Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Article Licenses License

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Cloud computing

Cloud computing

Cloud computingrefers to the provision of computational resources on demand via a computer network. In the traditional model of computing, both data and software are fully contained on the user's computer; in cloud computing, the user's computer may contain almost no software or data (perhaps a minimal operating system and web browser only), serving as little more than a display terminal for processes occurring on a network of computers far away. A common shorthand for a provider's cloud computing service (or even an aggregation of all existing cloud services) is "The Cloud".

Cloud computing conceptual diagram

The most common analogy to explain cloud computing is that of public utilities such as electricity, gas, and water. Just as centralized and standardized utilities free individuals from the vagaries of generating their own electricity or pumping their own water, cloud computing frees the user from having to deal with the physical, hardware aspects of a computer or the more mundane software maintenance tasks of possessing a physical computer in their home or office. Instead they use a share of a vast network of computers, reaping economies of scale. The phrase“cloud computing”originated from the cloud symbol that is usually used by flow charts and diagrams to symbolize the internet. The principle behind the cloud is that any computer connected to the internet is connected to the same pool of computing power, applications, and files. Users can store and access their own personal files such as music, pictures, videos, and bookmarks or play games or use productivity applications on a remote server rather than physically carrying around a storage medium such as a DVD or thumb drive. Almost all users of the internet may be using a form of cloud computing though few realize it. Those who use web-based email such as Gmail or Hotmail instead of receiving mail on their computer with Outlook or Entourage are the most common examples of such users.

How it works To understand the concept of cloud computing, in other words computing as a utility rather than a product, one must compare it to other utilities. Without public utilities such as electricity, water, and sewers, a homeowner would be responsible for all aspects of these concerns. The homeowner would have to own and maintain a generator, keeping it fueled and operational and its failure would mean a power outage. They would have to pump water from a well, purify it, and store it on their property. And they would have to collect their sewage in a tank and personally transport it to a place where it could be disposed of, or they would have to run their own personal sewage treatment plant. Since the above scenario not only represents a great deal of work for the homeowner but completely lacks economies of scale, public utilities are by far the more common solution. Public utilities allow the homeowner to simply connect their fuse box to a power grid, and connect their home's plumbing to both a water main and a sewage line. The power plant deals with the complexities of power generation and transport and the homeowner simply uses whatever share of the public utility's vast resources he needs, being billed for the total.

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Cloud computing

By way of comparison, a typical home or work computer is an extraordinarily complex device and its inner workings are out of the reach of most users. A computer owner is responsible for keeping their machine functional, organizing their data, and keeping out viruses and hackers. When computing power is contained at a specialized data center, or "in the cloud", the responsibility for performing these complicated maintenance tasks is lifted from the user. The user becomes responsible only for maintaining a very simple computer whose purpose is only to connect to the internet and allow these cloud services to take care of the rest. When a user accesses the cloud for a popular website, many things can happen. The user's IP address, for example, can be used to establish where the user is located (geolocation). DNS services can then direct the user to a cluster of servers that are close to the user so the site can be accessed rapidly and in the user's local language. Users do not log in to a server, but they log in to the service they are using by obtaining a session id (e.g. a cookie) which is stored in their browser. What the user sees in their browser usually comes from a cluster of web servers. The web servers run user interface software which collects commands from the user (mouse clicks, key presses, uploads, etc.) and interprets them. Information is then stored on or retrieved from the database servers or file servers and an updated page is displayed to the user. The data across the multiple servers is synchronised around the world for rapid global access. Companies can use cloud computing to effectively request and use time-distributed computing resources on the fly. For example, if a company has unanticipated usage spikes above the usual workload, cloud computing can allow the company to meet the overload requirements without needing to pay for hosting a traditional infrastructure for the rest [1] of the year. The benefits of cloud computing include that it can minimize infrastructure costs, save energy, reduce the necessity and frequency of upgrades, and lessen maintenance costs. Some heavy users of cloud computing have [2] seen storage costs fall by 20% and networking costs reduced by 50%.

Technical description The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides a concise and specific definition: Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be [3] rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Cloud computing provides computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services. Parallels to this concept can be drawn with the electricity grid, where end-users consume power without needing to understand the component devices or infrastructure required to provide the service. Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model for IT services based on Internet [4] [5] protocols, and it typically involves provisioning of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources It is a [6] byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites provided by the Internet. This frequently takes the form of web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as [7] if they were programs installed locally on their own computers. Typical cloud computing providers deliver common business applications online that are accessed from another Web service or software like a Web browser, while the software and data are stored on servers. Most cloud computing infrastructures consist of services delivered through common centers and built-on servers. Clouds often appear as single points of access for consumers' computing needs. Commercial offerings are generally expected to meet quality of service (QoS) requirements of customers, and typically include service level agreements [8] (SLAs).

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Cloud computing

Overview

Comparisons Cloud computing shares characteristics with: [9] 1. Autonomic computing—"computer systems capable of self-management." 2. Client–server model–client–server computingrefers broadly to any distributed application that distinguishes [10] between service providers (servers) and service requesters (clients). 3. Grid computing—"a form of distributed computing and parallel computing, whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks." 4. Mainframe computer—powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and [11] financial transaction processing. 5. Utility computing—the "packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered [12] service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity." 6. Peer-to-peer–distributed architecture without the need for central coordination, with participants being at the same time both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional client–server model). 7. Service-oriented computing–Cloud computing provides services related to computing while, in a reciprocal manner, service-oriented computing consists of the computing techniques that operate on [13] software-as-a-service.

Characteristics The key characteristic of cloud computing is that the computing is "in the cloud"; that is, the processing (and the related data) is not in a specified, known or static place(s). This is in contrast to a model in which the processing takes place in one or more specific servers that are known. All the other concepts mentioned are supplementary or complementary to this concept.

Architecture [14] Cloud architecturesystems, the architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple cloud componentscommunicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually web services and 3-tier architecture. This resembles the Unix philosophy of having multiple programs each doing one thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts.

Cloud computing sample architecture

The two most significant components of cloud computing architecture are known as the front end and the back end. The front end is the part seen by the client, i.e. the computer user. This includes the client’s network (or computer)

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