XHTML

Jitendra Inc. Patel

Description

XHTML

XHTML is a markup language for Web pages from the W3C(World Wide Web Consortium). XHTML combines HTML and XML into a single format (HTML 4.0 and XML 1.0). Like XML, XHTML can be extended with proprietary tags. Also like XML, XHTML must be coded more rigorously than HTML.

Over the years, HTML coders have become sloppy, because Web browser software was originally written to tolerate many variations in HTML coding, but, with XHTML, coders must conform to the XML rules.

In one sentence we can say that XHTML is a superset of HTML, but unlike HTML it is stricter to rules and requires a document to follow XML rules.

Whereas HTML is an application of SGML, a very flexible markup language, XHTML is an application of XML, a more restrictive subset of SGML.

Because they need to be well-formed, true XHTML documents allow for automated processing to be performed using standard XML tools unlike HTML, which requires a relatively complex, lenient, and generally custom parser.

XHTML can be thought of as the intersection of HTML and XML in many respects, since it is a reformulation of HTML in XML.

Sujets

• Langages
• Computers
• Informatique
• XML

Informations

• Publié par: eBookIt.com
• Date de parution: 21 février 2013
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9781456611965
• Langue: English

Extrait

XHTML
By Jitendra Patel

Overview
XHTML XHTML is a markup language for Web pages from the W3C ( W orld W ide W eb C onsortium ). XHTML combines HTML and XML into a single format ( HTML 4.0 and XML 1.0 ). Like XML , XHTML can be extended with proprietary tags. Also like XML , XHTML must be coded more rigorously than HTML . Over the years, HTML coders have become sloppy, because Web browser software was originally written to tolerate many variations in HTML coding, but, with XHTML , coders must conform to the XML rules. In one sentence we can say that XHTML is a superset of HTML , but unlike HTML it is stricter to rules and requires a document to follow XML rules. Whereas HTML is an application of SGML , a very flexible markup language, XHTML is an application of XML , a more restrictive subset of SGML . Because they need to be well-formed, true XHTML documents allow for automated processing to be performed using standard XML toolsunlike HTML , which requires a relatively complex, lenient, and generally custom parser. XHTML can be thought of as the intersection of HTML and XML in many respects, since it is a reformulation of HTML in XML .
Copyright @ 2012 Jitendra Patel
No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
Warning and Disclaimer
Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an "as is" basis. The authors and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book.
Dedication
This book is dedicated to my honorable parents and beloved students who are my favorite person in the world.
PREFACE
I want to thank a number of people at my institute for helping us solve the difficulties of book and finding the solution of various critical problems I faced during writing the development.
As the reader of this book, you are my most important critic and commentator. I value your opinion and want to know what I am doing right, what I could do better, what areas you'd like to see us publish in, and any other words of wisdom you're willing to pass my way.
As an author of this book, I welcome your comments. You can email or write me directly to let me know what you did or didn't like about this book as well as what I can do to make the book better.
When you write, please be sure to include this book's title and author as well as your name, email address, and phone number. I will carefully review your comments on the book.
Contents : XHTML Introduction to XHTML History of HTML Evolution of XHTML XHTML vs. HTML Why XHTML XHTML Tags and CSS Styles Basic Document Layout Getting started with XHTML Structuring Page Content Paragraph & blockquote tags Line Breaks <br /> Heading Horizontal Rules XHTML Lists Linking Pages Document Style Applying Styles Margins Alignment Width and Height Color Spans and Divisions Style Selectors and Classes Styling Lists Borders and Padding Element Sizing Element Positioning Formatting Text Font Settings Text Properties Font Style Tags Text and Background Colors Special Characters Graphics Supported Graphic Formats Displaying Images in web pages Background Images Creating Links Text Links Graphic Links Image Maps Working with Tables XHTML <table> Tag XHTML <tfoot> Tag XHTML <th> Tag XHTML <tbody> Tag XHTML <td> Tag XHTML <tr> Tag Text Alignment Column and Row Span Using Tables for Page Layout Incorporating Multimedia Audio/Video Formats Playing Audio Playing Video Using Frames in WebPages Creating Framesets Targeting Frames Floating Frames<iframe> Working with XHTML Form elements Form Controls Creating Forms Textbox Controls Textarea Control Radio Buttons Checkboxes Drop-Down Lists Submit and Reset Buttons Group Boxes and Tab Order Designing Web Sites Site Structure Storyboarding Page Colors Typography Accessibility Events OnBlur Event OnChange Event OnClick Event OnFocus Event OnKeyDown Event OnLoad Event OnMouseDown Event OnMouseMove Event OnMouseOut Event OnMouseover Event Unload Event XHTML DTD XHTML 1.0 DTD Reference
Introduction to XHTML History of XHTML HTML abbreviation for HyperText Markup Language. It is the document format used on the Web. Web pages are built with HTML tags (codes) embedded in the text. HTML defines the page layout, fonts and graphic elements as well as the hypertext links to other documents on the Web . Each link contains the URL , or address, of a Web page residing on the same server or any server worldwide, hence " World Wide" Web. HTML 2.0 was defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with a basic set of features, including interactive forms capability. Subsequent versions added more features such as blinking text, custom backgrounds and tables of contents. However, each new version requires agreement on the tags used, and browsers must be modified to implement those tags. HTML is not a programming language HTML is a markup language (the ML in HTML ) that uses a fixed set of markup tags. A markup language can also be thought of as a "presentation language," but it is not a programming language. You cannot "if this-do that" like you can in Java, JavaScript or C++. However, in order to make pages interactive, programming code can be embedded in an HTML page. For example, JavaScript is widely interspersed in Web pages ( HTML pages) for that purpose. HTML was conceived as a simple markup language to render research documents. No one originally envisioned Web pages turning into multimedia extravaganzas. HTML pages have been reworked, jury-rigged and extended into full-blown applications. As a result, the source code behind today's Web pages is often a hideous concoction of tags and scripting. Accessing a Web document requires typing in the address, or URL (Uniform Resource Locator), of the home page in your Web browser. The home page is an HTML document, which contains hypertext links to other HTML documents that can be stored on the same server or on a server anywhere in the world. Origins In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee , who was an independent contractor at CERN , proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE , a hypertext system for CERN researchers to use to share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineer Robert Cailliau each submitted separate proposals for an Internet-based hypertext system providing similar functionality. The following year, they collaborated on a joint proposal, the WorldWideWeb (W3) project, which was accepted by CERN . At the time, HTML was not a specification, but a collection of loosely defined elements to solve an immediate problem: the communication and dissemination of ongoing research between Berners-Lee and his colleagues. Rather than reusing existing hypertext systems which were too commercial, too platform-specific, or too complicated for authors, Berners-Lee developed his own, relatively simple system. His original browsing software, a client called " WorldWideWeb" , interacting with a server called "httpd", was written in November 1990 on a NeXTcube workstation, using the NEXTSTEP development environment. It tied together his inventions of a document identification system (which later evolved into the URI standard), a protocol ( HTTP ) for transmitting documents over a TCP/IP network, and a document annotation convention he later referred to as Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML ). HTML essentially grafted hypertext capability onto a homegrown SGML -like markup language, and Berners-Lee's software allowed a computer user to view and navigate between HTML documents accessed via the Internet. His solution later combined with the emerging international and public Internet to garner worldwide attention. The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called " HTML Tags ", first mentioned on the Internet by Berners-Lee in late 1991.[5][6] It describes 22 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML . Thirteen of these elements still exist in HTML 4. Berners-Lee considered HTML to be, at the time, an "application" of SGML , but it was not formally defined as such until the mid-1993 publication, by the IETF , of the first proposal for an HTML specification: Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly's "Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet-Draft, which included an SGML Document Type Definition to define the grammar. The draft expired after six months, but was notable for its acknowledgment of the NCSA Mosaic browser's custom tag for embedding in-line images, reflecting the IETF's philosophy of basing standards on successful prototypes. Similarly, Dave Raggett's competing Internet-Draft, " HTML + (Hypertext Markup Format)", from late 1993, suggested standardizing already-implemented features like tables and fill-out forms. HTML is not a computer programming language. It is simply a set of markup codes that structure and style text and graphics appearing on a Web page. Learning HTML is, basically, learning these markup tags and how to use them to style your Web pages. There certainly are methods available to create Web pages without having to learn HTML . You already may be familiar with Microsoft FrontPage or Macromedia Dreamweaver. These are drag-and-drop, WYSIWYG ("what-you-see-is-what-you-get") Web page editors that produce the underlying HTML codes for you. You can, in fact, make Web pages with these software packages in total ignorance of HTML . Wh