European Union Foreign Policy

Hazel Smith

Description

As the European Union is not a nation state, it is not generally perceived to have a foreign policy. However, this book argues that quite the reverse is true: that an overemphasis on procedure and structures has disguised the fact that the EU has a clear foreign policy that can be analysed in much the same way as that of the sovereign state.



Conventional assessments of the EU focus on the mechanisms, institutions and treaties through which policies are implemented. Smith shows how this can lead to a massive underestimation of the capacities of the EU. Rather than concentrating on how the policy of the EU is made, Smith investigates the action that it has engaged in abroad, and the nature of its diverse global interventions - in relation to the United States and the industrialised North, the various regions of the South and, most recently, its huge involvement in east and central Europe and the entire European continent.



Developing a pathbreaking analysis of the nature of EU foreign policy, this comprehensive account shows how the EU can be very effective indeed in promoting its own domestic interests abroad.
Dedication

Introduction

1. Does the European Union have a foreign policy?

2. Laying the groundwork: 1945-1968

3. Institutionalising Union foreign policy

4. How it works in practice

5. The European Union and the North

6. The European Union and the neighbouring South

7. The European Union and the distant South

8. The European Union in the New Europe

9. Guns or butter?

Abbreviations and glossary

Bibliography

Index

Sujets

• International relations
• European Union
• Science

Informations

• Publié par: Pluto Press
• Date de parution: 20 mars 2002
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781849641364
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

European Union Foreign Policy

What it Is and What it Does

Hazel Smith

P Pluto Press LONDON • STERLING, VIRGINIA

First published 2002 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA and 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166–2012, USA

www.plutobooks.com

Copyright © Hazel Smith 2002

The right of Hazel Smith to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 7453 1870 3 hardback ISBN 0 7453 1869 X paperback

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Smith, Hazel, 1954– European Union foreign policy : what it is and what it does / Hazel Smith. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–7453–1870–3 (hardback) –– ISBN 0–7453–1869–X (pbk.) 1. European Union. 2. European Union countries––Foreign economic relations. 3. European Union countries––Foreign relations. 4. Europe––Foreign relations––1989– 5. International economic relations. I. Title. D1060 .S58 2002 341.7'094––dc21 2001005

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Designed and produced for Pluto Press by Chase Publishing Services, Fortescue, Sidmouth EX10 9QG Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Towcester Printed in the European Union by Antony Rowe, Chippenham, England

To my three wonderful sisters – Yvonne, Helen and Stephanie – with love and respect

Contents

Abbreviations and Acronyms Preface

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Does the European Union Have a Foreign Policy?

Laying the Groundwork: 1945–68

Institutionalising European Union Foreign Policy

How it Works in Practice

The European Union and the North

The European Union and the Neighbouring South

The European Union and the Distant South

The European Union in the New Europe

Guns or Butter?

Bibliography Index

ix xiii

1 34 63 105 126 156 183 224 267

276 281

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ACP AIPO ALA ALADI AMU APEC ARF ASEAN ASEM BFTA CACM CAP CCP CEEC CEFTA CET CFSP CIS CJTF CMEA COMECOM COREPER Cost

CSCE CSCM

DG DPRK EAD EAPC EBRD ECHO ECSC EDC

African, Caribbean and Pacific countries ASEAN Interparliamentary Organisation Asian and Latin American countries Latin American Integration Association Arab Maghreb Union Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum ASEAN Regional Forum Association of South-East Asian Nations Asia-Europe Meeting Baltic Free Trade Area Central American Common Market common agricultural policy common commercial policy Committee on European Economic Cooperation Central European Free Trade Area common external tariff Common Foreign and Security Policy Commonwealth of Independent States Combined Joint Task Force Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Council of Mutual Economic Assistance Committee of Permanent Representatives Cooperation in Science and Technology with Central and East European Countries Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Mediterranean Directorate-General Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Euro-Arab Dialogue Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council European Bank for Reconstruction and Development European Community Humanitarian Office European Coal and Steel Community European Defence Community

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European Union Foreign Policy

EDF EEA EEC EFTA EIB EJC EMU EP EPC EPRD

EPU ERASMUS

ERP ESDI ESDP Euratom EUREKA FDI FPA FRG Fritalux FSU FTA FYR GATT GCC GRULA GSP HSG IEPG IFOR IGC IMF INOGATE JHA JOPP KEDO KFOR LDC

European Development Fund European Economic Area European Economic Community European Free Trade Association European Investment Bank European Court of Justice European Monetary Union European Parliament European Political Cooperation European Programme for Reconstruction and Devel- opment European Payments Union European Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students European Recovery Programme European Security and Defence Identity European Security and Defence Policy European Atomic Energy Community European Research Coordination Agency foreign direct investment Framework Partnership Agreement Federal Republic of Germany French/Italian/Benelux tariff agreement Former Soviet Union free trade agreement Former Yugoslav Republic General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gulf Cooperation Council Group of Latin American Ambassadors Generalised System of Preferences Heads of State and Government Independent European Programme Group Implementation force for Bosnia Intergovernmental conference International Monetary Fund Inter-State Oil and Gas to Europe Justice and Home Affairs Joint Venture Support Programme Korean Energy Development Organisation United Nations forces in Kosovo less-economically developed country

MECU MEDA

MERCOSUR

MFN NAFTA NATO NGO NIS

OAU OECD

OEEC OSCE Overture

PCA PHARE

PLO PPEWU QMV ROK SAA SAARC SACB SDI SEA SELA SFOR SME STABEX SYSMIN TACIS TEMPUS

Abbreviations and Acronyms

xi

million ECU financial and technical measures to accompany the reform of social and economic structures in the Mediterranean non-member countries Common Market of the Southern Cone [of Latin America] most favoured nation North American Free Trade Area North Atlantic Treaty Organisation non-governmental organisation Newly Independent States – normally referring to Russia and the successor states of the Soviet Union but excluding Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania Organisation of African Unity Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Devel- opment Organisation for European Economic Cooperation Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe The Programme of Local Government Cooperation East–West Partnership and Cooperation Agreement Poland and Hungary: Aid for Economic Reconstruc- tion – the acronym comes from the French. The term now covers aid to all the countries of East and Central Europe Palestinian Liberation Organisation Policy Planning and Early Warning Unit Qualified Majority Voting Republic of Korea (south Korea) Stabilisation and Association Agreement South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Somalia Aid Coodination Body Strategic Defence Initiative Single European Act Latin America Economic System Stabilisation Force for Bosnia small and medium sized enterprise stability in export earnings support for mining sectors Technical Assistance for the CIS Trans-European Mobility Scheme for Universities

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TEU TRACECA UNHCR UNMIK UNPROFOR UNRWA WEU WTO

Treaty on European Union Transport Corridor Caucasus Europe Asia United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Mission in Kosovo United Nations protection force for Bosnia United Nations Relief and Works Agency Western European Union World Trade Organisation

Preface

European Union foreign policy is a moveable feast. The scope of activities and even its constituent territory and basic administrative apparatus are in a state of constant flux. When I started this book, however, while a Fulbright scholar at Stanford in 1994/95, it wasn’t very fashionable to conceive of the EU as possessing a foreign policy. By the time I had finished it, while I was working with the UN World Food Programme in the DPR Korea (north Korea) in 2000/01, it was much more acceptable to talk about the Union as foreign policy actor – albeit a peculiar one. Today there seems a general acceptance that the Union is more than the sum of its parts when it acts abroad. Certainly for its many partners and competitors, its allies and adver- saries, it is an international actor that has to be taken into account – and therefore understood – when considering strategies to manage international affairs. How to explain what the Union has done and is capable of doing abroad – what its priorities are and how it handles them – is the theme of this book. Unfortunately the debates around EU foreign policy have too often been caught in the awful institutional cul de sac as to whether or not the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) should be considered as a ‘fully-fledged’ foreign policy. As the CFSP remains small in scope and based solely around what is discussed within certain (CFSP) procedures, it is self-evident that if the CFSP is taken as synonymous with European Union foreign policy, the Union has little to boast about in terms of its foreign policy activities. If foreign policy is understood, however, as something which includes all the Union’s activities abroad, we can suddenly start to see a whole array of sometimes very important activities which, if carried out by a state, observers would have no difficulty identifying as part of that state’s foreign policy (offering trade concessions to poor countries to discourage uncontrolled immigration for instance). This book then is an attempt to chart the development of a Union foreign policy that is much more than that which happens to fall within the treaty provisions relating to the procedures of the CFSP. The book justifies this approach both analytically and empirically. In so doing the book also gives an account of what the Union has been

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up to throughout the world in its 50 years or so history. That this is necessary is testament to how much of the literature has been side- tracked into institutionalist scholasticism at the expense of trying to relate to students, scholars, practitioners and the general public just what the Union has achieved and where it has failed abroad and why that might be so. I want to thank Jean Grugel, Fred Halliday, Chris Hill, Margot Light, Michael Nicholson, Jenny Pearce and Paul Taylor for their constant support, which I have greatly valued. Their high scholarly and ethical standards continue to provide an example to the profession. In this respect I want to again mention John Vincent, former professor at the London School of Economics who is still missed – not just for his out- standing work but also because of his humanity. Finally, a special mention of Peter Burnham, Shirin Rai and Mark Rupert – fine and ethical scholars – and friends. Many thanks and much appreciation.