Breadwinners and Citizens

Frader Laura Levine Frader

Description

Laura Levine Frader's synthesis of labor history and gender history brings to the fore failures in realizing the French social model of equality for all citizens. Challenging previous scholarship, she argues that the male breadwinner ideal was stronger in France in the interwar years than scholars have typically recognized, and that it had negative consequences for women's claims to the full benefits of citizenship. She describes how ideas about masculinity, femininity, family, and work affected post-World War I reconstruction, policies designed to address France's postwar population deficit, and efforts to redefine citizenship in the 1920s and 1930s. She demonstrates that gender divisions and the male breadwinner ideal were reaffirmed through the policies and practices of labor, management, and government. The social model that France implemented in the 1920s and 1930s incorporated fundamental social inequalities.Frader's analysis moves between the everyday lives of ordinary working women and men and the actions of national policymakers, political parties, and political movements, including feminists, pro-natalists, and trade unionists. In the years following World War I, the many women and an increasing number of immigrant men in the labor force competed for employment and pay. Family policy was used not only to encourage reproduction but also to regulate wages and the size of the workforce. Policies to promote married women's and immigrants' departure from the labor force were more common when jobs were scarce, as they were during the Depression. Frader contends that gender and ethnicity exerted a powerful and unacknowledged influence on French social policy during the Depression era and for decades afterward.

Sujets

• Histoire
• History of Europe
• France

Informations

• Publié par: Duke University Press
• Date de parution: 28 mars 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780822388814
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

breadwinners and citizens

breadwinners and citizens

GenderintheMakingof

theFrenchSocialModel

laura levine frader

duke university press DurhamandLondon 2008

∫2008 duke university press

All rights reserved. Printed in the United

States of America on acid-free paper$

Designed by Amy Ruth Buchanan

Typeset in Minion by Keystone Typesetting, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

appear on the last printed page of this book.

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acknowledgments

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conclusion

notes

bibliography

index

contents

acknowledgments

Over the years this book has been in preparation, I have accumulated a large debt of gratitude to many friends and colleagues who have provided encour- agement, assistance, conversation, and critique along the way. I have been especially fortunate to benefit from the generosity of librarians and archivists in Paris, who made the task of research a pleasure. At the Bibliothèque du Musée Social in Paris, Collette Chambelland and Françoise Blum generously shared their knowledge of aspects of my topic, as well as their own work, and graciously accommodated yet another request for yet another dusty volume. Brigitte Lanay, archivist at the Archives de la Ville de Paris, provided invalu- able assistance directing me to relevant materials in the archives’ branch at Villemoisson-sur-Orge. Others at the Archives nationales and the Biliblio- thèque nationale in Paris likewise provided essential research assistance as did the sta√ at the Bibliothèque Marguerite Durand, a treasure trove of material on women’s and gender history. The sta√s of the Confédération générale du travail (cgt) archives in Montreuil tirelessly lugged boxes of materials for me up from storage, as did those of the Archives départmen- tales du Nord in Lille, and the librarians at the library of the Musée de la Poste in Paris. Françoise Cribier, director of the project ‘‘Jeune provinciaux d’hier, vieux parisiens d’aujourd’hui,’’ at the Laboratoire d’Analyse stati- stique et méthodologique appliqué à la sociologie (lasmas), turned me loose in her o≈ce at the Institut de Recherches sur la Société contemporaine (iresco), where I was able to use her collection of interviews for the project, and generously provided me with a massive volume of data analysis. In addition to librarians and archivists, over the years, the Center for European Studies at Harvard, where much of this book was written, pro- vided me with as stimulating an intellectual environment as one could hope

for. My thanks go to Abby Collins and Patricia Craig, associate directors, as well as to directors Stanley Ho√mann, Charles Maier, Peter Hall, George Ross, and David Blackbourn. In Paris, I benefited from the support of Pascal Perrineau, director of the Centre de la Vie Politique française (cevipof), where I wrote very early drafts of a couple of chapters, as well as that of his sta√. Seminars and discussions with colleagues at both of these research institutes have shaped my thinking about politics and society sometimes in unexpected ways. At the Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales (ehess) on the Boulevard Raspail, I benefited from many conversations with both faculty and students in the Centre de Recherches historiques in the course of the seminars I gave during my month as a Visiting Professor in 1997. Other colleagues provided much needed responses to my work in the Centre na- tional de recherche scientifique (CNRS) seminars ‘‘Etat et Rapports sociaux de sexe’’ at Paris VII, ‘‘Genre et Rapports sociaux’’ and ‘‘Précarisation sociale, travail, et santé’’ (conjointly with the Institut national de la Santé et de la recherche medical) at the Institut de Recherches sur la Société contempo- raine (iresco). I have especially benefited from lively discussions with my French, Ameri- can, Canadian, and British colleagues and friends: Nancy Green, Jane Jenson, George Ross, Eleni Varikas, Michelle Perrot, Michele Riot-Sarcey, Herrick Chapman, Helen Chenut, Laura Downs, Antoinette Burton, Michele Zan- carini, Jacqueline Heinen, Danièle Kergoat, Helena Hirata, Eléonore Lépi- nard, Sonya O. Rose, Eileen Boris, Mary Lewis, Judith Surkis, Béatrice Appay, Anne Thébaud-Mony, and Sîan Reynolds. Claire Duchen, a fast friend and colleague, regrettably died too soon to see this book in its final form. In Paris, Isabelle Martelly and Je√rey and Ulla Kaplow gave freely of their much- appreciated hospitality and great friendship. The German Marshall Fund of the United States provided generous re- search support in 1995 (Grant #A-0222), and Northeastern University granted leaves in 1994, 1995 and 2002–2003 that made it possible to conduct the research for the project. I thank Oxford University Press for permission to reproduce in chapter 5 portions of my article ‘‘Social Citizens without Citi- zenship,’’loticisoSiclaP3 (Summer/Fall, 1996): 111–35; and the International Institute of Social History for permission to reproduce portions of my article ‘‘From Muscles to Nerves: Gender, ‘Race,’ and the Body at Work in France, 1919–1939,’’HlaicoSfoweivRelnaioatrnteInotsiyr44 (supplement, 1999): 123– 47. Research assistants Nuala McGeogh, Susan McCain, and Nora Weberova provided invaluable help at an early stage of the project.

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acknowledgments

Through the latter stages of this book no one gave me more support and intellectual companionship than Jim Cronin, first as a friend and then as my husband. He read and commented on more drafts than either of us cares to contemplate. It is to him that I dedicate this book with love and gratitude for his patience and wisdom.

acknowledgments

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